Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Perichondrium
|
forms capsule around cartilage
made of Dense Irregular CT |
|
|
Fibrocartilage Location
|
Knee Joint
Pubic symphysis in b/w vertebrae |
|
|
Hyaline Location
|
Nose
Hip Wrist Joints (Rest of body) |
|
|
Elastic Location
|
Ear
|
|
|
Skeletal Cartilage Growth
|
Apositional growth
Interstitial growth |
|
|
Apositional growth
|
Chondroblasts in perichondrium divide & secrete new cartilage along inside edge of perichondrium
|
|
|
Interstitial growth
|
Chondrocytes in lacunae divide & secrete new matrix
|
|
|
Regions of the Skeleton
|
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton |
|
|
Axial Skeleton
|
Skull
Vertebral column Ribcage -Ribs -Sternum |
|
|
Appendicular Skeleton
|
Limb girdles
(attach limb to axial skeleton |) Limbs |
|
|
Types of Bone
|
Long bones
Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Sutural or Wormian bones |
|
|
Long bones
|
-Greater length than width
-Consists mainly of compact bone tissue, some spongy bone -Include bones of thigh, legs, toes, arms, forearms & fingers |
|
|
Short bones
|
-Kinda cube-shaped & about = in length/width
-Spongy except @ surface(thin layer of compact bone) -wrist & anklebones |
|
|
Flat bones
|
-Thin
-Composed of // plates of compact bone surrounding spongy bone -Found in cranium, sternum & ribs scapulas |
|
|
Irregular bones
|
-complex shapes
-can't be in other categories -varying amounts of compact & spongy bones -vertebrae & certain facial bones |
|
|
Sesamoid bones
|
-small bones in tendons where considerable pressure is exerted (e.g. wrist)
-vary from person to person [but everyone has patella] |
|
|
Sutural or
Wormian bones |
-small bones b/w joints of certain cranial bones
-vary from person to person |
|
|
Functions of Bone
|
-Support
-Protection -Movement -Mineral storage & homeostasis -Site of blood cell production -Storage of energy |
|
|
Bone Function:
Support |
-framework for body
-points of attachment for skeletal muscle |
|
|
Bone Function:
Protection |
-protects internal organs from injury
(e.g. skull/ribcage protect brain/<3/lungs) |
|
|
Bone Function:
Movement |
-Skeletal muscle attach to bones, pulling bones together when muscle contracts
|
|
|
Bone Function:
Mineral storage & homeostasis |
-bones store minerals e.g. calcium, phosphorous can be distributed throughout the body
|
|
|
Bone Function:
Site of blood cell production |
-in certain bones, RBCs are produced during process of 'hematopiesis'
-red bone marrow = source of RBS (flat) -found in developing bones, pelvis, ribs, breastbone, backbones, skull & ends of arm bones & thigh bones |
|
|
Bone Function:
Storage of energy |
lipids stored in yellow(fat) bone marrow
(long bones) |
|
|
hematopiesis
|
blood cell production
|
|
|
Gross Anatomy of a Flat Bone
|
Compact bone - outside
Spongy bone - inside |
|
|
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Anatomical Regions |
-Diaphysis
-Epiphysis -Epipshyseal Line -Periosteum -Articular Cartilage -Compact bond -Spongy bone -Medullary Cavity |
|
|
Diaphysis
|
shaft
middle |
|
|
Epiphysis
(epiphyses pl.) |
ends
proximal & distal |
|
|
Epiphyseal Line
(plate) |
-growth plate
-marks anatomical boarder b/w epipshysis & diaphysis |
|
|
Periosteum
|
Layer of CT
|
|
|
Articular Cartilage
|
reduce joint friction
(smooth) |
|
|
Compact bone
|
2nd most superficial
|
|
|
Spingy bone
|
ends & by edge of
Medullary Cavity |
|
|
Medullary Cavity
|
center
marrow cavity |
|
|
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Anatomical Regions |
-Spongy bone
-Compact bone -Articular cartilage -Periosteum (Sharpey's fibers) -Endosteum -Nutrient Arteries |
|
|
Histology of Bone
Cell Types |
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts |
|
|
Osteoprogenitor cells
|
-embryonic stem cell
-in periosteum, endosteum & canals w/ blood vessels -mitosis --> osteoblasts |
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
-secrete matrix of bone
-found on bone tissue surface -form bone but can't divide by mitosis -form collagen & other compounds needed to build bone |
|
|
Osteocytes
|
-mature bone cells
-isolated in bony matrix -maintain daily cellular activity of bone |
|
|
Osteoclasts
|
surface of bone tissues & function in bone resorption
|
|
|
compact bone
|
resist compression but easy to snap in half
|
|
|
spongy bone
|
resists bending
(but not compression) |
|
|
Lamellae
|
layers of bone matrix
mineral =hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Osteon
|
Haversian Canal
-compact bone |
|
|
Trabeculae
|
small beam
|
|
|
Volkmann's Canals
|
carry small arteries throughout the bone
|
|
|
Concentric lamellae
|
One of the concentric tubular layers of bone surrounding the central canal in an osteon
|
|
|
Canaliculi
|
small passageway
|
|
|
Bone Openings & Depressions
|
-Foramen
-Meatus -Paranasal sinus -Fossa |
|
|
Foramen
|
opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
|
|
|
Meatus
|
a tube-like passageway running w/n a bone
|
|
|
Paranasal sinus
|
an air-filled cavity w/n the bone connected to the nasal cavity
|
|
|
Fossa
|
a depression in or on a bone
|
|
|
Processes that form joints
|
-Condyle
-Head -Facet |
|
|
Condyle
|
a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint
|
|
|
Head
|
a rounded projection that forms a joint & supported on the constricted portion of a bone
|
|
|
Facet
|
a smooth, flat surface
|
|
|
Processes to which ligaments, tendons & other CT attach
|
-Tuberosity
-Spinous process -Trochantor -Crest |
|
|
Tuberosity
|
a large, rounded, usually roughened process
|
|
|
Spinous process
|
a sharp, slender projection
|
|
|
Trochantor
|
a large, blunt projection found only on the femur
|
|
|
Crest
|
a prominent ridge or border
|
|
|
Osteogenesis /
Ossification |
Formation of new bone
|
|
|
Formation of new bone
|
-Formation of bony skeleton
-Bone Growth during childhood -Bone Remodeling throughout life -Repair of Fracture |
|
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
flat bones
|
|
|
Endochondral ossification
|
other bones
|
|
|
Prior to week 8 the skeleton is made of...
|
hyaline cartilage &
fibrous CT membranes |
|
|
When bone replaces fibrous CT
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
|
|
When bones replaces hyaline cartilage
|
endochondral
|
|
|
Ossification center
|
selected centrally located mesenchymal(embryonic CT) cells cluster & differentiate into osteoblasts
|
|
|
When Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted w/n the fibrous membrane
|
-osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized w/n a few days
-trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes |
|
|
When Woven bone & periosteum form
|
-accumulating osteoid is laid down b/w embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network. the result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae (woven bone)
-vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone & becomes the periosteum |
|
|
When Bone collar of compact bone forms & red marrow appears
|
-trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced w/ mature lamellar bone
-spongy bone(diploe), consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally & its vascular tissue becomes red marrow |
|
|
When osteoblasts in periosteum secrete matrix along diaphysis you get a
|
bone collar
|
|
|
chondrocytes inside hypertrophy & cause...
|
cartilage matrix to calcify
|
|
|
calcified cartilage causes ...
|
chondrocytes to die
|
|
|
cartilage matrix deteriorates forming a cavity
|
cavitation
|
|
|
periosteal bud invades internal cavity
|
nutrient artery & vein, lymphatic vessel, nerve, red marrow, osteoblasts & osteoclasts
|
|
|
osteoclasts erode
|
calcified cartilage
|
|
|
osteoblasts secrete bone matrix around...
|
remaining cartilage - spongy bone trabeculae
|
|
|
osteoclasts break down newly formed bone forming...
|
the medullary cavity
|
|
|
cartilage @ the epiphyses continues to..
|
grow in length
-cartilage then ossifies, dies & is eroded by osteoclasts & covered in bone by osteoblasts |
|
|
secondary ossification center forms
|
same way as first
|
|
|
hyaline cartilage remains only as
|
-articular cartilage
-epiphyseal plate |
