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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The organ that includes the cutaneous membrane and skin appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, etc..)
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the integument
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The largest organ system of the body
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the integumentary system
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Skin is a cutaneous membrane consisting of 2 parts: the _______ and ________.
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epidermis
dermis |
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Describe the epidermis.
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keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Describe the dermis.
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2 layers
the papillary layer - areolar connective tissue proper the reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue proper |
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Where is the dermis?
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just deep to the epidermis
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List the protective functions of skin.
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1. protects the underlying tissue against mechanical stress and abrasion
2. protects against fluid loss and dessication of the underlying tissue 3. protects against micro-organisms invading the body 4. protects the underlying tissue against UV-damage by the sun |
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How does the integument protect against micro-organisms?
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1. tight junctions keep micro-organisms out
2. the acid mantle (low pH of skin secretions) slows the growth of micro-organisms on the skin 3. skin secretions have bactericidal components 4. the skin contains cells of the immune system |
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Term describing the regulation of body temperature
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thermoregulation
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How is the integument involved in thermoregulation?
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1. sweat gland secretions
2. dilation or constriction of dermal blood vessels |
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When the body is overheated, dermal blood vessels will __________.
Explain. |
dilate
This brings more blood to the body's surface where extra heat can radiate out of the body. |
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When the body is too cold, dermal blood vessels will __________.
Explain. |
constrict
This conserves heat in the body by bringing less blood to the body's surface where body heat could radiate away. |
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How is the integument involved in Ca²⁺ homeostasis?
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Vitamin D3 (a precursor of the active form of vitamin D) is created by the action of UV light in dermal blood vessels.
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The active form of vitamin D.
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calcitrol
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Why is calcitrol important for Ca²⁺ homeostasis?
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Calcitrol helps maintain Ca²⁺ homeostasis by enhancing the absorption of Ca²⁺ from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Cells that produce the pigment melanin.
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melanocytes
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Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis.
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Langerhans' cells
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Cells in the epidermis that function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings.
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Merkel cells
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Merkel cell + nerve ending = ?
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Merkel disc (or tactile disc)
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Epithelial cells, specialized for the cutaneous membrane, that produce large amounts of the fibrous protein keratin.
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keratinocytes
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The epithelium of the integument
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the epidermis
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The connective tissue supporting the epithelium of the integument
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the dermis
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The epithelial cells of the epidermis have extra-strong intermediate filaments, called tonofilaments. Tonofilaments are made from the protein _________.
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keratin
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List the 5 layers of the epidermis of thick skin in order from the basal layer to the apical surface.
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stratum basale
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum |
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
Kerotinocytes undergo constant cell division. |
stratum basale
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Alternative name for the stratum basale...
Explain. |
stratum germinativum
Cell division in the stratum basale produces the cells of the more superficial strata. |
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The skin pigment that strongly absorbs UV light.
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melanin
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
The keratinocytes continue to produce keratin, which they assemble into thick bundles called tonofilaments. |
stratum spinosum
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
Cells are flattened due to dehydration. Programmed cell death begins. |
stratum granulosum
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
Cells contain dark-staining granules... |
stratum granulosum
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What is apoptosis?
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programmed-cell death
an orderly series of steps by which cells commit suicide |
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
The "clear layer" visible only in thick skin... |
stratum lucidum
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Which layer of the epidermis...?
The cells in this layer are dead, flat, dehydrated membranous sacs filled with keratin. accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness |
stratum corneum
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The more superficial layer of the dermis.
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the papillary layer
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The deeper layer of the dermis...
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the reticular layer
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What type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis?
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areolar connective tissue proper
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What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis?
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dense irregular connective tissue proper
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Dermal papillae are most prominent in _______________.
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thick skin
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Which layer accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin?
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the reticular layer of the dermis
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In the reticular layer of the dermis, ______________ are oriented to follow lines of tension in the skin.
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collagen fibers
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Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin composed of fat cells and areolar connective tissue proper...
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the hypodermis
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The tough connective tissue wrapping skeletal muscles...
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fascia
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sweat glands
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sudoriferous glands
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oil glands
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sebaceous glands
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List the different skin appendages.
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sweat glands
oil glands hair follicles and hair nails |
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The secretion produced by sebaceous glands...
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sebum
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What does sebum do for the skin?
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Sebum softens and lubricates skin and hair and is bactericidal.
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Sebaceous glands mode of secretion...
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holocrine
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Sudoriferous glands that produce sensible perspiration...
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merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
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Visible sweat is referred to as ______________.
Explain why? |
sensible perspiration
Sensible perspiration represents water loss for a reason - to cool the body as it evaporates. |
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Physiologists refer to sweating as _________.
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diaphoresis
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Merocrine sweat glands are particularly abundant on the...
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palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead
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Sudoriferous glands that produce odorless secretion that takes on a musky odor after decomposition by bacteria.
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apocrine sweat glands
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Which regions of the body are densely populated by apocrine sweat glands?
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the axillae, genital region, areolae, and bearded regions of face
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Modified apocrine sweat glands in external ear canal that secrete ear wax...
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ceruminous glands
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The physiological term for ear wax.
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cerumen
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Where on the body is thick skin found?
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the palms, palmar surface of the digits, and soles of the feet
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Which stratum of the epidermis is apparent only in thick skin?
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the stratum lucidum
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__________ - skin devoid of hair
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glabrous skin
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