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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
germinative cells
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stem cells that help in the division of epithelial cells
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mesothelium
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squamous epithelium that lines ventral body cavities
ex. pericardium, peritoneum |
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endothelium
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simple squamous cells lining the heart and blood vessels
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where is keratin found? why?
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on apical surfaces of epithelium exposed to dehydration and mechanical stress. tough and water resistant.
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
what is it? where is it found/ |
line respiratory tract. a mixture of epithelial cell types that are single layered.(lines nasal cavity , trachea, bronchi) protection and secretion
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transitional epithelia
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line renal pelivis, ureters, urinary bladder.
stratified and can stretch. |
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diff between exocrine and endocrine
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exo-release at apical surface into duct
endo- ductless glands that release direct into interstitial fluids |
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three types of exocrine glands
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serous-watery solution, with some enzymes (saliva)
mucous-glycoproteins (mucins) mixed-a mix! |
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endo or exocrine glands release hormones?
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endo
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two types of unicellular exocrine glands
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mucous(respiratory tract) and goblet(intestines)
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three modes of glandular secretion and how it is done
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merocrine-secretory vesicles(exocytosis)
apocrine-loss of cytoplasm and product holocrine-destroys gland cell. |
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three components of connective tissue
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specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers ground substance |
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matrix of the connective tissue is composed of what?
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extracellular fibers and ground substance
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three connective tissue classifications
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connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, supporting connective tissues
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describe connective tissue proper
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many cell types, syrupy ground substance for support
aka. adipose fat, ligaments, tendons cell types: fixed cell, wandering cell |
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describe fluid connective tissue
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cells suspended in watery matrix w/ dissolved proteins
aka. blood and lymph |
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describe supporting connective tissue
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closely packed matrix, contains calcium
aka. bone and cartilage |
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what type of fixed cells are there?
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mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, ~melanocytes
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describe mesenchymal cells(function)
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stem cells that differentiate in response to injury or infection ---> form macrophages etc
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fibroblasts ( connective tissue proper)
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always present, produce connec. tissue fibers, secrete HYALURONAN which makes ground substance viscous
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fibrocytes ( connect. tissue proper)
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come from fibroblasts, maintain tissue fibers
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fixed macrophages ( connec. tissue proper)
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engulf damaged cells, can release chemicals, not highly abundant
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adipocytes (connect. tissue proper)
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contains lipid droplet
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melanocytes (connect. tissue proper)
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synthesize, store melanin
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free macrophages (wandering cells)
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phagocytic, frontline defence
"monocytes" are macrophages in blood |
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mast cells (wandering cells)
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cytoplasm contains HISTAMINE and HEPARIN stimulate inflamation
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lymphocytes (wandering cells)
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increase in # when there is tissue damage.
can transform into plasmocytes( make antibodies) |
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neutrophils & eosinophils(wandering cells)
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phagocytic blood cells(smaller than macrophage)
are attracted to the chemicals released by macrophages |
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three fibers found in connective tissue
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collagen, reticular, elastic
(all made by fibroblasts!) |
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collagen fiber traits
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long, straight, strongest
three protein subunits found in tendons and ligaments |
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tendon
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connects muscle to bone
(made primarily of collagen fibers) |
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ligament
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connects bone to bone
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reticular fiber traits
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thinner, form a network, can resist forces, keep organs in place
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elastic fiber traits
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contain ELASTIN. self explanatory.
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mesenchyme
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found in embryo. gives rise to all other connective tissue.
mucous connective tissue~ Whartons jelly not found in adult |
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threee types of loose connective tissue
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areolar tissue, adipose, reticular
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areolar tissue
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very fluid and resilient
extensive circulatory supply |
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what two types of dense connective tissue are there?
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dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue |
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aponeuroses
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collagenous sheets, dense regular connect. tissue
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what are erythrocytes and leukocytes?
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red and white blood cells
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name 5 white blood cells
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eosinophils, neutorphils(phagocytes), monocytes, basophils(promote inflammation), lymphocytes
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chondroitin sulfates?
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found in matrix of cartilage, complex polysaccharides
if combined with proteins, they make proteoglycans |
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chondrocytes?
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cartilage cells found in chambers called LACUNAE
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perichondrium
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fibrous dense irregular connective tissue and cellular layer surrounding cartilage
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how does cartilage grow?
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appositional growth: stem cells of cellular layer
interstitial growth: when chondrocytes undergo division |
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three types of cartilage
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hyaline-weakest, tough, flexible (ribs, respiratory tract, synovial joints)
elastic-flexible (ear) fibrous-little ground substance, absorbs shock (spine) |
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what is bone structure?
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matrix contains lacunae where osteocytes can be found,
communication between cells and vessels through CANALICULI, bone is also surrounded by PERIOSTEUM |
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four types of membranes?
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mucous
serous cutaneous synovial |
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lamina propria
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the areolar tissue of a mucous membrane
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serous membrane
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lines the ventral body cavity subdivisions
mesothelium--> pericardium, peritoneum, pleura |
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transudate
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fluid formed on surface of serous membrane
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three main functions of connective tissue
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provide strength & stability
maintain organ positions provide routes for vessels, lymphatics, nerves |
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fascia
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connective tissue that can be seen during dissection
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synovial membrane
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line joints, develops within connective tissue, no basal lamina, contains phagocytic and secretory cells
HELPS THE JOINT |
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three types of fascia
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superficial (subcutaneous)-separates skin and tissue, loose connective tissue
deep-dense connective tissue, tough capsules, subserous-loose conn. tissue, separates deep and superficial fascia |
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sarcoplasm
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the cyptoplasm of a muscle cell
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three types of muscle tissue
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skeletal
cardiac smooth |
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skeletal muscle fibers are unique regarding nucleus, why?
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multinucleate
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myosatellite cells
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divide to form new muscle fibers
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cardiac muscle cells connect at regions called?
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intercalated discs
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what is in charge of cardiac muscle contraction
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pacemaker cell
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nerve tissue has what two types of cells
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neurons(nerve cells)
neuroglia(supporting cells)(provide nutrients, support, regulate interstitial) |
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ectoderm forms
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epidermis(hair nails skin glands), lines mouth, nasal, anus; nervous system, parts of skull and endocrine
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mesoderm forms
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dermis, lines cavities, muscular & skeletal & cardio & lymph systems; kidneys, gonads, connective tissue
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endoderm
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digestive, respiratory, parts of repro/urine and endocrine systems.
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what four types of dense regular connective tissue ?
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tendons, ligaments, elastic tissue, aponeuroses
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what type of wandering cells are there?
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mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophage, plasmocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils
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