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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where did anatomy first become a recognzied discipline?
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Alexandria, Egypt
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Galen of Pergamum
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"Prince of Physicians"
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Vesalius
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promoted the idea of "living anatomy", parts of a whole
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Leonardo da Vinci
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dissected bodies to improve his drawing and painting techniques
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Anatomy
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the study of structure, "to cut up" or "to cut open"
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Physiology
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study of the function of the body structures
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Cytology
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study of the cells of the body and their internal structure
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Histology
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study of tissues formed by cells and cell products
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Developmental anatomy
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study of structural changes in the body between conception and maturation
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Embryology
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study of origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the oocyte until birth
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Pathologic anatomy
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study of characteristic changes that occur during illness
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Radiographic anatomy
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study of anatomic structures or features observed by noninvasive procedures, such as ultrasound or x-ray
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Regional anatomy
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study of gross anatomy of all structures, external and internal, in one region of the body, such as an upper limb
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Surface anatomy
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study of superficial anatomic markings and gross anatomy of internal structures relative to overlying skin surface
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Surgical anatomy
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study of anatomic landmarks used prior to surgery
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Systemic anatomy
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Study of gross anatomy of all the components of an organ system
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Microscopic anatomy
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study of structures not visible to the naked eye, encompasses cytology and histology
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Gross (Macroscopic) anatomy
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study of body strucutres observable by the unaided eye
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What is the simplest level of organization within the body?
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the chemical level, which consists of atoms and molecules
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Tissues
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precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions
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Organs
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different tissue types combine to form an organ that all work together
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Levels of Organization in the Human Body
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Chemical->Cellular->Tissue-> Organ->Organ System->Organismal
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All organisms carry out various chemical reactions, collectively termed __________.
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metabolism
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Homeostasis
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control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism that maintain a consistent internal environment
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Integumentary System
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hair, skin and associated glands, protection and body temperature and water
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Skeletal System
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bones, cartilage, support and protection, blood cell production, body movement
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Muscular System
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muscles, body movement, heat during contraction
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Nervous System
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regulatory system, helps control all other systems, consciousness, intelligence and memory, sensory system
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Endocrine System
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glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, regulate growth, chemical levels, and reproductive functions
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Cardiovascular System
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a pump (the heart) that moves blood through body delivering nutrients and picking up wastes
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Lymphatic System
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Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) and controls immune response
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Respiratory System
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Exchange gases between blood and air in the lungs
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Digestive System
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Mechanically and chemically digests food products, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste
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Urinary System
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Filters the blood and removes waste, expels urine
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Male and Female Reproductive Systems
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No explanation needed
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anatomic position
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stand upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, head is level, eyes forwards, palms forward, thumbs pointing away from body
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coronal plane
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frontal plane, divides anterior (front) from posterior (back) parts
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transverse plane
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cross-sectional plane or horizontal, separates superior (upper) and inferior(lower)
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sagittal plane
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medial plane, separates right and left halves
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oblique plane
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passes through the specimen at an angle
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anterior
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in front of or toward the front surface
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posterior
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in back of or toward the back surface
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dorsal
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at the back side of the human body
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ventral
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at the belly side of the human body
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superior
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toward the head or above
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inferior
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toward feet not head
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caudal
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at the rear or tail end
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cranial
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at the head end
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medial
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toward the midline of the body (sagittal plane)
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body (sagittal plane)
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deep
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on the inside
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superficial
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on the outside
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proximal
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closet to point of attachment to trunk
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distal
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furthest from point of attachment to trunk
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axial region
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includes the head, neck, and trunk
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appendicular region
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our limbs, or appendages
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parietal layer
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lines the internal surface of the body wall
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visceral layer
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covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
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cranial cavity
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formed by the cranium and houses the brain
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vertebral canal
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formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
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diaphragm
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separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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serous fluid
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reduce friction and helps organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall
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Human Body Regions
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see page 14 for chart
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Posterior aspect
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contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
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Ventral cavity
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contains the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Thoracic cavity
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contains the Mediastinum, Pleural caivty, and Pericardial cavity
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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contains the Abdominal and Pelvic cavities
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Mediastinum
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contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
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Pericardial (associated with heart)
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Pericardial membranes
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Pleural (associated with lungs)
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Pleural membranes
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Abdominal
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Peritoneal membranes
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Pelvic
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Peritoneal membranes
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Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
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see page 17 for pictures
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