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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Connective tissues consist of cells dispersed in an ________ _________ _______.
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-Extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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What is ECM composed of?
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-Amorphous ground substance (water and soluble proteins)
-Fibrous proteins: collagen and elastic fibers |
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The ECM holds considerable amounts of _____ and is highly ______ in most kinds of connective tissue.
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-Water
-Vascular |
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Functions of Connective Tissues (4)
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-Support
-Nutrition -Storage -Immunologic Defense |
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2 Classes of Macromolecules of the ECM
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-Fibers (ex: collagen)--> Strength
-Ground Substance |
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Ground Substance (def)
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-Hydrated gel that resists compression
-Permits exchange of wastes in the tissue fluid |
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Macromolecules of Ground Substance (2)
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-Structural Glycoproteins
-Complex macromolecular aggregates (made of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans) |
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Macromolecules of the ground substance are secreted by _______ _______ cells. (primarily _______)
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-Connective Tissue Cells
-Fibroblasts |
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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-Long, unbranched sugars
-Made of repeating disaccharide units -Highly negatively charged |
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Sulfated GAGs
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-Include all the major GAGs except hylauronic acid
-Covalently attached to proteins to for proteoglycans |
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Proteoglycans have a _______ core with sulfated _____ sticking off to the side.
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-Core
-GAGs |
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How do proteoglycans look?
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-They look like bottle brushes
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By attaching via linker proteins to hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans can form huge macromolecular complexes called _________.
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Proteoglycan Aggregates
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Structural glycoproteins are primarily composed of ________ but have short, branched _______ chain at one end.
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-protein
-oligosaccharide |
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Fibronectin (def)
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-Functions to fasten various components of the ECM to one another and to connective tissue cells
-Domain that binds to... 1.collagen fibers 2. proteoglycans 3. integrins |
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Integrins (def)
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-cell surface receptor that fibronectin binds
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Laminin (def)
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-An adhesive glycoprotein found in the basement membrane
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What do fibrous proteins of the ECM include?
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-Elastin
-Collagens |
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How is elastin arranged?
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-As sheets of material as in elastic arteries
-Form elastic fibers: sheets of material in combination with other proteins such as fibrillin |
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Where are elastic fibers found?
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-Ordinary Connective Tissues
-Elastic Cartilage |
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_________ are a family of proteins that make up 20% of all the proteins in the body.
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-Collagen
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Basic structural unit of collagen
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-Tropocollagen
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Tropocollagen (def)
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-basic structural unit of collagen
-a triple helix composed of three alpha chains |
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Alpha Chains Primary Sequence in Tropocollagen
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- Includes 2 unique amino acids
1. Hydroxylysine 2. Hydroxyproline |
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________ ______ is required for hydroxylation of lysin and proline during collagen synthesis.
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-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
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Scurvy (def)
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-dietary deficiency of vitamin C
-defects in collagen triple helix formation |
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Following their synthesis, tropocollagen molecules associate into _______ ________, which aggregate into ______ ______.
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-Collagen fibrils
-Collagen Fibers |
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What do collagen fibers form in dense connective tissues?
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-Thick bundles
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Characteristics of Collagen Types Differences(4)
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-Morphologic Characteristics
-Distribution -Functions -Pathologies |
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Collagen Type I (Synthesizing Cells)
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-Fibroblast
-Osteoblast |
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Collagen Type I (Function and Location)
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-Function: Resists tension
-Location in Body: dermis of skin, tendon ligaments, bone, capsules of organs fibrocartilage |
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Collagen Type II (Synthesizing Cell)
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-Chondroblast
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Collagen Type II (Function and Location in the Body)
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-Function: Resists pressure
-Location in Body: Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage |
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Collagen Type III (Synthesizing Cells)
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-Fibroblast, Reticular Cell, Smooth Muscle, Schwann cell, heptaocyte
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Collage Type III (Function and Location in Body)
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-Function: Structural framework of spleen, liver, lymph, nodes, smooth muscle, adipose tissue
-Location in Body: lymphatic system, cardiovascular system, spleen, liver, lung, skin |
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Collagen Type IV (Synthesizing Cells)
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-Epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells
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Collage Type IV (Function and Location in Body)
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-Function: Meshwork of lamina densa of basal lamina, support, filtration
-Location in Body: basal lamina |
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2 Major Categories of Connective Tissue Cells (Embryologic Origin)
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-Mesenchymal
-Hematopoietic |
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Cells of Mesenchymal Origin
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-Stable and long-lived resident cells of ordinary and specialized connective tissues
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Types of Mesenchymal Cells
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-Fibroblasts
-Myofibroblasts -Adipocytes -Chondrocytes -Osteocytes |
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Cells of Hematopoietic (Bone Marrow) Origin (6)
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-Macrophages
-Mast Cells -Lymphocytes -Plasma cells -Neutrophils -Eosinophils |
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Fibroblasts (def)
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-Synthesize collagen in ordinary connective tissues
-Mjr cell types of dense connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs, etc.) |
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Myofibroblasts (def)
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-Fibroblasts that have an abundance of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
-Important in wound contraction |
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________ store and release triglycerides according to the body's needs.
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Adipocytes
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Adipocytes
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-Store and release triglycerides according to the body's needs
-Responsive to hormonal needs -Main Cell type found in adipose tissue |
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Macrophages (def)
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-Phagocytic cells that are part of mononuclear phagocyte system
-Derived from monocytes in the blood -Abundant in areas of chronic inflammation |
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Mononuclear Phagocyte System
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-A major defense system of the body that has immunologic (specific) and non-immunologic components
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Mast Cells (def)
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-Play important role in the early stages of acute inflammatory response
-Located adjacent to blood vessels and in loose connective tissue (Lamina propria) of mucosal surfaces |
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Mast cells are filled with granules containing potent _______ and ________ chemicals.
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-Vasoactive
-Cheomtactic |
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Why do mast cells degranulate? (2)
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In response to...
~Immune triggers (ex: allergic reponses) ~Direct tissue injury |
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Permanent Residents of Organs (Macrophages)
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-Kupffer Cells of liver
-Alveolar Macrophages of the lungs -Langerhans cells of the epidermis |
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________ are the major cells of the immune system.
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-Lymphocytes
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The ______ ______ is the body's specific defense system against foreign molecular. (______)
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-Immune System
-Antigens |
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T lymphocytes (def)
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-Participate in cell mediated immunity
-Assist with the body's humoral immune response |
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B lymphocytes (def)
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-Participate in humoral immune responses by differentiating into plasma cells
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.Both B and T lymphocytes produce ______ ______, which are important in protecting the body from the effects of subsequent exposure to specific antigens.
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-Memory Cells
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Why are lymphocytes found?
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-Scattered in loose connective tissue especially lamina propria and mucosal surgaces
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Collections of lymphocytes, called _____ _____, are found in certain organs such as the GI tracht, lymph noes, spleen and tonsils.
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-lymph nodules
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In the blood, _______ make up the second most abundant type of circulating leukocyte.
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Lymphocytes
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____ ______ differentiate from B lymphocytes during the humoral immune response
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Plasma Cells
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What do plasma cells manufacture and secrete?
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-Immunoglobulins
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Plasma Cells: Characteristic Pattern and Distribution
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-Characteristic Pattern: Chromatin Distribution that aids in their identification
-Distribution: Similar to lymphocytes |
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Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs))
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-Most abundant type of circulating type of circulating leukocyte
-Enter tissues during the acute and inflammatory response to bacterial infection, then they phagocytose bacteria and release chemical mediators -After they self-destruct |
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The resultant collection of dead neutrophils and necrotic material is called ______.
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-Pus
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Eosinophils (def)
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-Circulate in small numbers in the blood
-Enter tissues in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections -They phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, destroy parasites and limit the inflammatory response |
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The acute inflammatory response is a stereotyped _____ and ______ response to tissue injury or to an __________ or ________ agent.
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-Vascular and Cellular
-Infectious and Antigenic |
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Purpose of Acute Inflammatory Response
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-Neutralize the offending agent
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5 Cardinals Signs of Inflammation
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-Heat
-Redness -Swelling (Edema) -Pain -Loss of function |
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The vascular response is initiated by _______ _____ and is characterized by ________.
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-Early Mediators (Histamine and Leukotrienes)
-Vasodilation |
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Vasodilation (def)
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-Increased permeability of capillaries and small venules and activation of plasma mediators
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Examples of Plasma Mediators
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-Complement
-Kinins |
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Results of Vascular Response
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-Hyperemia: Increased blood flow to the affected area
-Exudation: Escape of protein-rich fluid into the extracellular space withe resulting edema -Extravasation of Leukocytes: cellular response -Chemotaxis |
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Cellular Response
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-Characterized by leukocyte extravasation, migration and phagocytic activity
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What is the classic type of acute inflammation caused by?
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-Bacterial Infections
-Cellular Necrosis -Neutrophils -Predominant cell type |
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In allergic acute inflammation, ______ are present.
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Eosinophils
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Connective Tissue (def)
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-a vast and continuous vascularized compartment
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3 Types of Connective Tissue
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-Connective Tissue Proper
-Connective Tissue with Special Properties -Supporting Connective Tissue |
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2 Types of Connective Tissue Proper
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-Loose: More cells, fewer fibers
-Dense: More fibers, fewer cells |
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4 Types of Connective Tissue with Special Properties
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-Adipose Tissue
-Elastic Tissue -Hematopoietic (lymphatic and myeloid) tissue -Mucous tissue |
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2 Types of Supporting Connective Tissue
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-Cartilage
-Bone |
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Loose Connective Tissue: Location
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-Tissue underlies all epithelia
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Lamina Propria (def)
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-Type of loose CT of mucous membranes of GI and respiratory tract
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Is blood a connective tissue?
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Yes, it's a fluid connective tissue
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Many blood cells migrate into connective tissues during the process of ________.
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-Inflammation
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General Features of Connective Tissue
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-Vascular
-Cells and ECM -Matrix=fibers and ground substance -% differs for different CT types |
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3 General Functions of Connective Tissue
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-Support
-Protection -Defense |
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Proteoglycans:______% CHO
______% protein |
-90% CHO
-10% protein |
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Glycoproteins: _____% protein
_____% CHO |
-90% protein
-10% CHO |
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What are the levels of organization for Collagen?
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-Tropocollagen
-Fibrils -Fibers -Bundles of Collagen |
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Type I Collagen (def)
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-Collagen bundles of ordinary connective tissue and collagen fibers of bone
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Type II Collagen (def)
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-Collagen fibrils of cartilage (Hyaline and Elastic)
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Type III Collagen (def)
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-Reticular Fibers
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta (def)
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-folding of collagen was incorrect
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Collagen has ______ at every third position in its molecular makeup.
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-Glycine: helps collagen fold tightly
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Embryology: Layer that Mesenchyme is mostly derived
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-Mesoderm tissue
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Where are reticular cells found?
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-In lymph system where reticular fibers are found
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What hormone do adipocytes make?
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-leptin: an adipokine satiety signal
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Is a macrophage a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system?
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Yes
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