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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Vascular Plants
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The ancestors of of every plant, excluding mosses (and their kin).
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1). ____________ contain a specialized tissue that has cells joined into tubes, transporting water and nutrients throughout it. 2). Examples include: Ferns, Roses, and Tiger Lilies. |
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Lignin
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A hard material found in the cellulose matrix of cell walls, providing strength and rigidness to plants.
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2). It is an adaptation that vascular plants contain. |
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Xylem
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Hollow, tube-like cells that transport water and minerals from the roots, up to the rest of a vascular plant.
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2). _____ cells are the main aspect of wood. |
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Phloem
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Part of a plant's vascular system, in which cells are arranged into lengthened tubes which carry sugar and nutrients throughout a plant.
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2). ________ use active transport when transporting nutrients. |
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Tracheids
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Water-conducting, as well as supportive element, of xylem.
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2). _______ consist of long cells, with pointed ends, and thick walls. |
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Vessel Elements
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Water-conducting cells that are short and wide, with thinner walls than tracheids. They create a tube that moves water and minerals when arranged with similar cells.
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2). The end walls of ________ tend to be missing, or have holes/gaps in them.
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Cohesion
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The binding of alike molecules in a substance.
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1). Example: Water molecules sticking/binding together. 2). ________ is similar to adhesion. |
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Adhesion
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The attraction between different substances.
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1). ________ is similar to cohesion. 2). _______ causes capillary action, when a tube is placed in a container of water and the water rises up inside of the tube. |
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Sieve Tubes
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Inside a plant, it is a column of phloem cells.
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2). Companion cells surround these.
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Endosperm
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A tissue that assists in delivering nutrients from the plant to the developing embryo.
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1). With a few species, the embryo will fully digest, andconsume the _________ during seed development. 2). The _________ will often serve as a place/source of nutrients for a younger plant, until photosynthesis can be conducted. |
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Cotyledons
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The bumps/seed leaves of a flowering plant embryo.
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1). __________ are not genuine/true leaves. However, with several plants, they will conduct photosynthesis until the first leaves of the plant are developed. 2). _____ suck in nutrients from the endosperm to nourish the embryo. |
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Apical Meristems
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The embryonic plant tissue at/in the tips of roots and shoots, that provide cells for growth (lengthwise).
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2). __________ are an example of undifferentiated cells.
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Seed Coat
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The exterior cover of a seed, and provides protection.
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2). With the _________, as it matures, it becomes so dry that enzymes are incapable of properly functioning, and cell respiration slows down. The _____ allows seeds to stay alive for several years.
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Germination
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It is the sprouting/expansion of a seed.
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2). When water and oxygen are abundant, and temperature and environmental conditions are in favor, __________ occurs, and cell respiration rate is increased.
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Primary Growth
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The growth, lengthwise, of the roots and stems of a plant; growth from meristems present in the embryo.
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1). During ___________, cell divisions in the apical meristems form a constant supply of new cells. 2). During __________, cells that expand (from the apical meristems) allow the roots and stems of a plant to grow longer. |
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Node
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The part of a plant in which the leaves connect to the stem.
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2). With primary growth, the meristems found at every _______ help with stem growth, contributing/supplying cells.
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Root Cap
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A layer of cells which protects the apical meristem as the root grows through the soil.
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2). The _________ is a tough tissue mass which is found at the end/tip of the root. |
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Epidermis
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The exterior shell/covering of a plant.
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2). With certain species, , the embryo will consume the _______ during the process of seed development.
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Cuticle
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The waxy, exterior layer that covers the surfaces of the majority of land-dwelling plants, fungi, and animals.
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1). The majority of epidermal tissue is covered in hydrophobic ______ of wax. 2). _______ help in preventing water loss. |
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Vascular Tissue
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The tissue in plants that specializes in/is responsible for transporting food, water, and minerals.
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1). ________ lets vascular plants store food, and supports the plant's body. 2). Examples: Xylem and Phloem. |
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Ground Tissue
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Tissues filling up the body of a plant, giving it a shape and interior support. It makes up the majority of a newly formed plant, and fills the space between the outer layer and vascular tissues.
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2). While some ________ can become specialized, others contribute towards the storage of nutrients, and mechanical support. |
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Secondary Growth
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When a plant stem or root grows in thickness or width.
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1). ________ originates from the vascular cambium. 2). _______ is a result of cell division. |
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Vascular Cambium
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A meristem which produces secondary growth.
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1). The __________ builds up the diameter of stems and roots. 2). The _________ contains xylem on the interior surface, with phloem on the exterior. |
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Pericycle
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It's found in plants, and is a cylinder of meristem tissue, surrounding the xylem and phloem in a root.
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2). Secondary roots grow/originate from the __________. |
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Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
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A substance that affects plant growth, either by promoting, hindering, or altering it.
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1). ___________, being produced by genes, act in a similar way as hormones do in animals. 2). Auxins, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins are examples. |
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Auxins
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A plant growth regulator group which promotes growth through enlarging and/or lengthening cells.
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1). They were the first type of PGR to be discovered. 2). _________ move using active transport throughout the plant. |
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Gibberellins
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A plant growth regulator group which stimulates the lengthening of stems and leaves.
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1). _________ stimulate the development of fruit. 2). _____ take place in reproduction, and helps increase the rate of germination. |
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Cytokinins
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Plant growth regulators which stimulate cell division, as well as stem and root growth, and chloroplast development.
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1). _____ work together with other plant growth regulators to regulate plant growth patterns. 2). _________ stimulate/promote organ development and hinders plant tissues from aging. |
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Abscisic Acid
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A plant growth regulator which protects plants when environmental conditions are harsh. It does this through promoting dormancy in the buds and seeds, and closes the stomates.
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1). By closing the stomates, ___________ protects plants from losing water, yet it slows down photosynthesis. 2). Drought and dry environmental conditions are mainly what _______ protects plants against. |
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Ethylene
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A plant growth regulator which promotes the ripening of fruit, and also hinders plant growth in the roots and stems.
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1). _____ disapproves/goes against several of the effects of auxins and cytokinins. 2). While ________ ripens fruit, it can ensue in plants dying as well. |
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Tropism
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The growth of a plant either toward or away from an environmental stimuli.
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2). ________ result from differences in growth between parts of an organ. |
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Phototropism
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The growth either toward or away from a source of light.
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2). _______ occurs due to a higher auxin amounts on the dark side of stems.
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Gravitropism
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A response to gravity from an organism, whether it is positive or negative.
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1). With _______, the stems react negatively, while the roots react positively. 2). ____ occurs due to PGR's, like auxins, and calcium ion concentrations. |
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Photoperiodism
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The biological response to how long day or night lasts within a full day.
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2). Due to _______, certain plants will only bloom when daylight exceeds a particular amount of hours. They are known as long-day plants.
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Phytochrome
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A light-absorbing pigment.
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1). This pigment takes place in photoperiodism. 2). One form of ________ absorbs red light, while the other form absorbs far-red light. |