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118 Cards in this Set
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Testes contain small convoluted seminiferous tubules whose ________ epithelium provide male germ cells known as spermatozoa.
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Germinal Epithelium
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What predisposes boys to develop germ cell tumors?
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Cryptorchidism
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What is an assay of spermatazoa and seminal fluid that can help determine reproductive status and fertility in men?
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Semen Analysis
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How long does spermatogenesis take and where does it occur?
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65-75 days and occurs in seminiferous epithelium
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What are the 5 components of the sperm?
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1. head (nucleus and acrosome)
2. centriole pair (neck) 3. helically arranged mitochondria (middle) 4. and 5. principal and end pieces have the axoneme |
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What are the important parameters of measured by the semen analysis?
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concentration, morphology and motility of the sperm
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What is a malignancy of the testis?
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Seminoma
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What type of cells are Leydig cells tumors derived from?
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Testicular Stroma
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What type of cells are Sertolli cell tumors derived from?
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Sex-cord stroma
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What cells help to produce sperm?
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Leydig cells
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What cells nourish and grown sperm cells?
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Sertoli cells
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What are invasive germ cell neoplasms accounting for 95% of solid tumors in men 15 to 35 years old?
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Seminomas
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How many seminiferous tubules does each testis have?
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600-1200 seminiferous tubules
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Interstitial CT contains Leydig cells which produce what?
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Testosterone
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What is an epithelium that contains Spermatogenic (germ) cells and Sertoli cells?
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Seminiferous Epithelium
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What is an usual complex of stratified epithelium with 2 cells populations?
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Seminiferous Epithelium
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What is the site of spermatogenesis?
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Seminferous tubules
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What are irregular columnar cells that extend from the vasal lamina to the lumen and provide structural organization to the tubule?
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Sertoli cells
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What cells synthesize androgen-binding proteins which is necessary for spermatogenesis?
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Sertoli cells
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What are germ cells located in the Sertolli cells?
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Spermatogenic cells
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What cells are located in the seminferous tubules of the Interstitial CT and synthesize testosterone?
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Intertstitial cells of Leydig
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Seminal vesicles produce the most prominent ingredient of human semen.what is it?
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Seminal Plasma
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What produces the slightly alkaline, viscous fluid in the semen?
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Seminal Vesicles
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What produces a secretion rich in citric acid, lipids, zinc, and acid phosphatase?
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Prostate Gland
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What secretes a viscous mucus fluid into the urethra that provides lubrication before ejaculation?
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Bulbourethral Gland
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What are the 5 phases of sperm production?
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1. Spermatogonia type 1
2. spermatogonia type 2 3. primary spermatocyte 4. secondary spermatocyte 5. spermatid |
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In the male, the Umbilical A supplies what?
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Ductus Deferens
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In the female, the Umbilical A supplies what?
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superior vesicle of the bladder
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What is a muscular tube that is approximately 45 cm long and converys sperm from the epipdymis to the ejaculatory duct?
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Ductus Deferens
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Describe the epithelium of the epididymus?
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Pseudostratified epithelium
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What are the 3 parts of the epididymus?
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head
body tail |
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What is an inflammation of the epididymis and is frequently caused by bacterial infection and can lead to male infertility?
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Epididymitis
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Where does the ductus deferens enter into the pelvic cavity?
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At deep inguinal ring LATERAL to the inferior epigastric artery
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State the ducts that merge to form the ejaculatory ducts.
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Ductus deferens and Seminal Vesicles ducts
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Where does the bulbourethral gland open into the urethra?
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at the Spongy Urethra
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The ampulla of the Ductus Deferens sits on top of what?
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Seminal Vesicle
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What is a minor surgical method that produces permanent sterility?
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Vasectomy
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Approximately how long is the ductus deferens?
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40 cm
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What type of epithelium does the Ductus Deferens have?
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Pseudostratified Epithelium composed of tall columnar cells with apical stereocilia and basal stem cells
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
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by an indurated area in the gland palpated on rectal exam as well as a PSA test
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What is Indurated Area?
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localized hardening of the prostate gland, the area is firm but not as hard as bone
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Where does the prostate gland surround the urethra?
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below the neck of the urethra
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What is invested by a thin connective tissue capsule and comprise a collection of 50 compound tubulo-aveolar glands lined by pseudostratified epithelium?
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Prostate Gland
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Prostate secretions are what percent of the ejaculate volume? What enzymes does it contain?
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10-20% of ejaculate volume- contains acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and prostate-specific antigen.
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What affects about 30% of men older than 50 years old and is caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of glandular and stromal cells in the prostate gland?
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
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What is the most common malignant tumor in men?
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adenocarcinoma of the prostate
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What would be elevated with someone who has adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
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serine protease prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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A supranuclear Golgi complex, lots of rER, and many apical secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm of the columnar cells are in what type of epithelium?
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Prostatic Epithelium
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Pseudostratified epithelium of secretory alveoli in the prostate consists of what type of cells?
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small basal cells and tall columnar cells
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What is the major role of the tall columnar cells in prostatic epithelium?
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synthesis and secretion of citric acid, lipids, and acid phosphatase
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Seminal vesicles are rare but if they do arise they come from ________.
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epithelium
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What can hold 2 to 2.5 ml of seminal fluid and has an elaborately folded mucosa that resembles a honeycomb?
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seminal vesicle
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What is secreted by the seminal vesicles?
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Fructose (main one), potassium ions, and prostaglandins
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The underlying lamina propria of the seminal vesicles is _____.
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rich in elastic fibers
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State the 3 parts of the male urethra?
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Prostatic
Membranous Spongy |
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The prostatic urethra is lined mostly by what type of epithelium?
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transitional epithelium (urothelium) with openings for paired ejaculatory ducts and ducts of the prostate
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Membranous Urethra is lined by what type of epithelium?
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Stratified Columnar Epi
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Spongy urethra is lined by what type of epithelium?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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What is the part of the broad ligament that supports the uterus on both sides?
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Mesometrium
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What supports the ovary and is an extension of the broad ligament?
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Mesovarium
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What is a common cause of female infertility?
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PID- pelvic inflammatory disease- often a serious complication of bacterial infection assoc. with STD
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The vagina lumen is lined by what type of epithelium?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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Why do surface cells of the vaginal lumen epithelium seem washed out?
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variable amounts of glycogen
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What represents 90% of Ovarian malignancies?
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Epithelial ovarian carcinomas
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What covers each ovary?
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Ovarian surface epithelium (visceral peritoneum)
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What harbors oocytes containing ovarian follicles of various sizes?
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Outer cortex of the ovary
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What part of the ovary contains loose connective tissue with many blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics?
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Inner Medulla
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State the 5 parts of the fallopian tube
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Intramural Region
Isthmus ampulla infundibulum fimbria |
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What part of the fallopian tube is open to the peritoneal cavity?
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infundibulum
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What is the thin walled and longest region of the fallopian tube?
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ampulla
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Where does fertilization normally take place?
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ampulla
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What is a narrow thick walled segment of the fallopian tube nearest to the uterine wall?
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isthmus
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What part of the tube traverses the uterine wall?
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Uterine segment of fallopian tube
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What type of epithelium do the fallopian tubes have?
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Simple columnar epithelium with peg cells and ciliated cells
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Approximately how long are the fallopian tubes?
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12 to 15cm long
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Describe the lamina propria of the fallopian tubes.
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highly cellular LP
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What is a common site of ectopic pregnancies?
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uterine tube
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What is the role of Peg cells in the epithelium of Fallopian Tubes?
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To secrete a nutritive fluid that facilitates capacitation of spermatozoa. (capture sperms cells, "pegs them")
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How do you distinguish peg cells and ciliated cells when looking at a histo slide of the fallopian tubes?
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pegs cells have no cilia
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What are the 3 walls of the uterus?
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Endometrium
Myometrium Perimetrium |
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What part of the uterus is composed of simple columnar epithelium with 2 layers?
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Endometrium
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What layer of the endometrium is lost during menstruation?
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Superficial functional layer
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What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
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Deep Basal Layer
Superficial Functional Layer |
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What part of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle, CT, and prominent blood vessels?
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Myometrium (body of uterus)
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What part of the uterus is composed of the peritoneal layer of the broad ligament?
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perimetrium
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Blood vessels in the myometrium of the uterus are located in what?
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stratum vascular
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What are benign tumors of the uterus that arise from localized hyperplasia of the myometrium?
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Leiomyomas- aka fibroids- most common tumor in the female pelvis
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What is it called when endometrial tissue appears at unusual locations in the abdomen and pelvis of women between puberty and menopause?
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Endometriosis
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The endocervix is lined by what epithelium?
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simple columnar epithelium
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The exocervix is lined by what epithelium?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epith.
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The upper part of the cervical canal is lined by a mucous membrane known as what?
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endocervix
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What is the lower part of the portio vaginalis lined by?
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exocervix- continuous with vaginal mucosa
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The cervical canal is lined by what epithelium?
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Simple columnar epithelium and is filled with mucus
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Occlusion of the mucus glands in the cervical canal will lead to what?
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Nabothian cysts
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What in the cervix is an abrupt squamo-columnar junction?
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Transformation zone- just above the external os of the cervix. Most cervical cancers arise here.
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What is the 2nd most common cancer in women and is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in underdeveloped countries?
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Cervical cancer
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Where do most cervical cancers arise from?
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Transformational zone
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What do you notice about the Sertolli cells verse the Interstitial cells of Leydig?
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Their location, Sertolli cells are inside the capsule of the seminferous tubule and Leydig cells are in the interstitium
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What is labeled by D?
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Tails of Spermatozoa
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What is this an image of? What is unique about it's lumen?
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Vas Deferens with a lumen the size of 0.5cm and lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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Where in the prostate gland does carcinoma usually arise?
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anywhere but most commonly in the posterior lobe near the outer margins
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What is this an image of?
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Prostate gland- invested by thin connective tissue capsule and has 50 compound tubulo-alveolar glands
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Most prostate adenocarcinoma arise in what zone?
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peripheral zone
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What is this an image of?
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Prostatic epithelium
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What is this an image of?
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Seminal Vesicle
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notice the mucosal folds
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What is this an image of?
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Transitional epithelium of Prostatic Urethra Epithelium
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What part of the penis is this?
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Corpus Spongiosum
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What kind of epithelium does the fossa navicularis have?
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stratified squamous epith.
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This is an image of the ovary, what is the large cell?
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Mature (Graafian) ovarian follicle
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In this histo image of the vagina, what is the epithelium?
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stratified squamous nonkertanized epithelium
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What structure is this found in?
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Ovary
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What is this an image of?
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Fallopian tube
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notice the Secretory cells (Peg cells) and the Ciliated cells.
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What is this an image of? This is in the female.
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fallopian tube
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Note the mucosal folds
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What is the perimetrium composed of?
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peritoneal layer of broad ligament
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What phase is this endometrium in?
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Early follicular Proliferative phase
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What is this an image of?
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Nabothian cysts on cervix
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What part of the cervix is this found?
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Endocervix- note the simple columnar epithelium
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What part of the cervix is this?
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Exocervix- stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium devoid of glands
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