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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Important Parts of Speech |
1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5. Adverbs 6. Prepositions 7. Conjunctions 8. Interjections |
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Noun
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A word or group of words that names a person, place, thing, or idea |
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Types of Nouns |
1. Common 2. Proper 3. Abstract 4. Collective |
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Common Noun |
The general, not he particular, name of a person, place, or thing |
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Common Noun Example |
Nurse, Hospital, Syringe |
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Proper Noun |
The official name of a person, place, or thing |
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Proper Noun Example |
Fred, Paris, Washington |
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Abstract Noun |
The name of a quality or a general idea |
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Abstract Noun Example |
Persistence, Democracy |
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Collective Noun |
Represents a group of persons, animals, or things |
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Collective Noun Example |
Family, Flock, Furniture |
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Pronoun |
A word that takes the place of a noun, or a group of words acting as a noun |
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Types of Pronouns |
1. Personal 2. Possessive |
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Antecedent |
The word or group of words to which a pronoun refers |
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Find the antecedent in the following sentence: The students wanted their test papers graded. |
Students |
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Find the pronoun in the following sentence: The students wanted their test papers graded. |
Their |
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Personal Pronoun |
Refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea by indicating the person speaking (1st person), the person or people spoken to (2nd person), or any other person, place, thing, or idea being talked about (3rd person) |
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Possessive Pronoun |
A form of a personal pronoun that shows possession or ownership; does not contain an apostrophe |
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Possessive Pronoun Example |
My, Mine, His |
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Adjective |
A word, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun or pronoun; usually proceeds the noun or noun phrase |
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Adjective answers the question: What ... ? Which ... ? How ... ? How ... ? |
Kind
One Many Much |
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Participle |
A type of verb form that functions as an adjective, usually ending in -ing or -ed |
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Verb |
A word or phrase that is used to express an action or a state of being |
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Tense |
Expressing time through a property |
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Types of Primary Tenses |
1. Present 2. Past 3. Future |
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Linking Verbs |
Verbs that link, or join, the subject of a sentence to a noun, pronoun, or predicate adjective; does not show action; sometimes relates to the five senses, sometimes reflects a state of being (appear, seam, become, grow, turn, prove, remain) |
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What is the most commonly used Linking Verb? |
"To be" |
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Preposition |
A word that shoes the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence |
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Compound Preposition |
A preposition that is made up of more than one word |
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Prepositional Phrase |
A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun |
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Find the prepositional phrase in the following sentence: Sam left the classroom at noon. |
At noon |
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Find the prepositional phrase in the following sentence: The students learned the basics of grammar. |
Of grammar |
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Conjunction |
A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses |
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Types of Conjunctions |
1. Coordinating 2. Correlative 3. Subordinating |
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Coordinating Conjunctions |
And, But, Or, So, Nor, For, and Yet |
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Find the coordinating conjunction in the following sentence: The nurse asked to work the early shift, but her request was denied. |
But |
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Correlative Conjunction |
Work in pairs to join words or phrases |
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Examples of Correlative Conjunctions |
1. Neither, Nor 2. Either, Or |
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Subordinating Conjunctions |
Join two clauses or thoughts |
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Find the subordinating conjunction in the following sentence: While the nurse was away on vacation, the hospital flooded. |
While |
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Interjection |
A word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation |
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Example of an Interjection. |
Yikes, Whew |
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Important Terms to Understand |
1. Clause 2. Direct Object 3. Indirect Object 4. Phrase 5. Predicate 6. Predicate Adjective 7. Predicate Nominative 8. Sentence 9. Subject |
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Clause |
A group of words that has a subject and a predicate |
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Types of Clauses |
1. Independent 2. Dependent |
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Independent Clause |
Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence |
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Dependent Clause |
Begins with a subordinating conjunction and does not express a complete thought and therefore cannot stand alone as a sentence |
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Direct Object |
The person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb; answers the question "what" or "whom" after a transitive verb |
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Find the direct object in the following sentence: The students watched the professor distribute the exams. |
The professor |
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Indirect Object |
The person or thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb; answers the question "to whom," "for whom," "to what," or "for what" after an action verb; comes between the verb and the direct object |
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Phrase |
A group of two or more words that acts as a single part of speech in a sentence; can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb; lacks a subject and a predicate |
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Predicate |
The part of a sentence that tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject; includes the verb and all the words that modify the word |
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Predicate Adjective |
Follows a linking verb and helps to explain the subject |
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Find the predicate adjective in the following sentence: My professors are wonderful. |
Wonderful |
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Predicate Nominative |
A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and helps to explain or rename the subject |
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Find the predicate nominative in the following sentence: The professors are teachers. |
Teachers |
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Sentence |
A group of words that expresses a complete thought; always has a subject and a predicate |
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Types of Sentences |
1. Declarative 2. Interrogative 3. Imperative 4. Exclamatory |
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Declarative Sentence |
Makes a statement; "I went to the store." |
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Interrogative Sentence |
Asks a question; "Did you go to the store?" |
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Imperative Sentence |
Makes a command or request; "Go to the store." |
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Exclamatory Sentence |
Makes an exclamation; "You went to the store!" |
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Subject |
A word, phrase, or clause that names whom or what the sentence is about |
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Compound Sentence |
A sentence that has two or more independent clauses, usually joined by a coordinating conjunction |
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Run-on Sentence |
Occurs when two or more complete sentences are written as though they were one sentence |
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Comma Splice |
A run-on sentence that occurs when two independent clauses are joined by only a comma; can be solved by either replacing the comma with a dash, a semicolon, or a colon or by adding a coordinating conjunction, or by making two separate sentences |
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Case |
Refers to the form of a noun or pronoun that indicates its relation to the other words in the sentence |
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Types of Cases |
1. Nominative 2. Objective 3. Possessive |
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Examples of Possessive Pronouns |
1. Its (belonging to it) 2. Their (belonging to them) 3. Whose (belonging to whom) 4. Your (belonging to you) |
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Sentence Fragments |
Incomplete sentences |
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Misplaced Modifiers |
Words or groups of words that are not located properly in relation to the words they modify |
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Participle Phrase |
A phrase that is formed by a participle, its object, and the object's modifiers; the phrase functions as an adjective; modifies the noun that either directly precedes or directly follows the phrase |
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Dangling Participle Phrase |
When the participle phrase directly precedes or directly follows a noun that it does not modify |
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Clichés |
Expressions or ideas that have lose their originality or impact over time because of excessive use |
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Euphemism |
A mild, indirect, or vague term that has been substituted for one that is considered harsh, blunt, or offensive |
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Sexist Language |
Refers to spoken or written styles that do not satisfactorily reflect the presence of women in our society |
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Affect |
Normally used as a verb that means "to influence or to change" |
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Effect |
May be used as a noun or verb; noun - it means "result" or "outcome"; verb - it means "to bring about or accomplish" |
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Among |
Used to show a relationship involving more than two persons or things being considered as a group |
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Between |
Used to show a relationship involving two persons or things, to compare one person or thing with an entire group, or to compare more than two tings in a group if each is considered individually |
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Amount |
Used when referring to things in bulk |
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Number |
Used when referring to individual, countable units |
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Good |
An adjective; use before nouns and after linking verbs to modify the subject |
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Well |
Usually an adverb |
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Bad |
Use as an adjective before nouns and after linking verbs to modify the subject |
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Badly |
Use as an adverb to modify an action verb |
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Bring |
Conveys action toward the speaker - to carry from a distant place to a near place |
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Take |
Conveys action away from the speaker - to carry from a near place to a distant place |
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"Can" and "Could" |
Imply ability or power |
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"May" or "Might" |
Imply permission or possibility |
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Farther |
Refers to a measurable distance |
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Further |
Refers to a figurative distance and means "to a greater degree" or "to a greater extent" |
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Fewer |
Refers to number - things that can be counted or numbered - and is used within plural nouns |
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Less |
Refers to degree or amount - things in bulk or in the abstract - and is sued within singular nouns; also used when referring to numeric or statistical terms |
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i.e. |
Means "that is"; specifies or explains |
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e.g. |
Means "for example"; gives an example |
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Lie |
"To recline or rest" |
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Principle parts of the verb "lie" include: |
1. Lie 2. Lay 3. Lain 4. Lying |
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Lay |
Means "to put or place" |
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Principle parts of the verb "lay" include: |
1. Lay 2. Laid 3. Laid 4. Laying |
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Which |
Used to introduce nonessential clauses; providing more information |
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That |
Used to introduce essential clauses; distinguishes |
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Nonessential Clause |
Adds information to the sentence but is not necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear |
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Essential Clause |
Adds information to the sentence that is needed to make the sentence clear; does not use commas |
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"Who" and "Whom" |
Serve as interrogative pronouns and relative pronouns |
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Interrogative Pronoun |
One that is used to form questions |
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Relative Pronoun |
One that relates groups of words to nouns or other pronouns |
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Who |
The nominative case; use for subjects and predicate nominateives |
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Whom |
The objective case; use for direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of the prepositions |