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84 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Where is not a place amphibians brood eggs? |
Armpits |
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How does a snake move in low friction, shifting substance conditions? |
Side-winding |
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In cryptodire turtles, the trochlear process for the adductor mandibulae is formed by the...? |
Quadrate |
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Vocal communication is common between adults and juveniles in...? |
Crocodiles |
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For reptiles with TSD: at temps that produce females what is the function of aromatase? |
Helps testosterone be converted to estrogen |
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What is the function of lateral undulation during terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods like salamanders and crocodiles? |
To keep the center of gravity under limbs (triangle example) |
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Describe the differences of venom production and delivery between rear fanged and front fanged snakes |
Rear fang: connected to Duvernoys gland (Colubrids) Front fang: Compressor glandulae, muscles squeeze the gland |
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Most common form of anuran parental care |
Egg attendance Internal: female External: male and female |
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What is gastric brooding? |
Eggs develop in the stomach of the frog |
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Lecithotrophy vs Matrotrophy feeding of larvae frogs |
L: yolk M: maternal secretions |
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What is the only type of care in salamanders and caecilians? |
Egg attendance |
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What triggers tadpoles to metamorphose? |
Hormones. Environment: photoperiod, temp, pH |
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Hormones metamorohose pathways in tadpoles (2) |
Kidney: hypothalmus produces CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)> ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)>corticosteroids>T4+T3 Thyroid: CRF>TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)> corticosteroids> T4+T3 |
TSH: growth hormone |
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Variation in life history developmental period (names and time) |
Scaphiopus: short. 8d. ephemeral pools Spea: long. 4wks. Pelobates: longer. 7wks. |
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Patterns (Ia, Ib, II) of sex determination |
Ia: m cool, f warm (turtle, squamate) Ib: f cool, m warm (tuatara) II: f cool/warm, m intermediate (turtle, squamate, crocodile) |
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Testosterone pathway in males |
5a-reductase (triggered by temp)> converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone>receptors on gonads> turn to male gonads |
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Testosterone pathway in females |
Aromatase>testosterone>estradiol> turns into female gonads |
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GSD vs TSD benefits |
GSD: produce even sex ratio TSD: Charnov-Bull model: TSD enhances individual fitness |
Charnov-Bull model: fitness of sons greatest in individuals that hatch from eggs incubated at temps normally producing males (and vice versa) |
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Offspring fitness from parents born at certain temps |
Number of offspring increased from parents born in optimal temperatures. |
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What is canonical meiosis? |
Normal, haploid meiosis |
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What is premiotic endoreplication? |
Endoreplication prior to meiotic doubling. Sister chromosomes pair, no recombination. Diploid. |
Asexual reproduction |
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What is parthenogenesis? |
Production of offspring without fertilization. |
Offspring clones of mother. |
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Purpose of egg shells |
Mechanical protection, prevent water loss. |
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Egg shell membrane types |
Flexible or rigid. Crocs: wedge Tuatara: triangle Lizard rigid: rectangle Lizard flexible: parallel lines (thick membrane) |
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Nest differences in crocs, turtles, and gekkos |
C: rotting vegetation incubates eggs T: burrows G: glue eggs to surfaces |
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Vivaparity pathway |
Ovulation> corpus luteum> progesterone> inhibits uterine contractions (prevents egg laying) |
Stop egg laying |
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Arrangement of extraembryonic membranes |
Chorioallantoic membrane is the site of gas exchange. It becomes the placenta (gas exchange with external tissues) |
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Why are only squamantes viviparous? |
Develop at fertilization. In crocs and birds, develop in oviduct and eggs laid early in development. In turtles and tuatara, development is arrested shortly after starting and resumes after laid in the nest. |
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Where is viviparity important? |
In cold climates. Safer to be inside mother. |
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Intermittent organ in caecilians |
Hemipenis |
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Spermatogenesis in salamanders |
Testes: seminiferous tubule. Connected to cloaca by vas deferens |
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Oogenesis and pathway |
Ovaries are the primary follicle. Ovary>oviduct>ostium>infundibulm> uterus> vagina> cloaca Ovary enters tube: albumen (not in squamates) for egg laying in water Shell added near bottom of tube |
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What are sperm storage tubules |
For reproduction when male is not around |
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Gastrulation |
Creation of GI tract. 2 layers into 3 layers. 1) first layer replaces second layer to become ectoderm and endoderm 2) second layer pushes between the top and bottom to become the mesoderm |
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Nerulation and Pathway |
Forms neural plate. Neural fold> neural tube> CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
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Development final pathways |
Allantois fuses with chorioallantoic membrane, neural tube closes last. AER triggers limb and digit growth (paddle to digits) |
Allantois fusion, neural tube, AER limb development |
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How they hatch |
Egg tooth: at top of nose, calcified. Pipping: hard shells, poke at shell. |
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What is the genetic regulation of development? |
Homeobox genes. How C5 + C8 + C6= thorax |
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Reproductive cycle pathway |
Gonad maturation (spermato/oogenesis/vitellogenesis)> mating> fertilization> embryogenesis> hatching/birth> parental care |
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Associated vs dissassociated gonadal maturation |
Associated: coincides with fertilization Dissassociated: sperm storage |
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Seasonal reproductive cycles (4) |
Aseasonal: one/many cycles: oviparous, tropical Seasonal: discontinuous: oviparous or viviparous, temperate Seasonal: continuous: viviparous, mountaine, south temperate Seasonal: developmental arrest: oviparous, mediterranean, embryonic diapause (fertilized but development stops) |
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Pace of Life Hypothesis |
Long lived animals: slow growth Short lived animals: fast growth |
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What is a first class fulcrum? |
Fulcrum (joint) between in-lever and out-lever (opposite directions) |
Gastrocnemius: in-force |
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What is a third class lever? |
Fulcrum at one end, in and out lever over top. (Same direction) |
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Crocodylian legs and center of gravity |
Legs more underneath body, front limb and hind limb run together: small steps |
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Turtle gait |
More of a tilt |
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Frog jump method |
Muscles from vert column to urostyle and ilium straighten back> retract femur initiate jump> extend femur over knee to tibiofibula extend knee> extend from tibiofibula over heel to tarsus straighten the ankle |
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What is rectilinear locomotion? |
Moves muscles on belly to caterpillar forward |
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When is concertina locomotion used? |
To climb trees |
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Aquatic locomotion types |
Amphib: cambered hydrofoil Snake: undulatory swimming (tail does most of the undulation) Frog: oscillatory swimming (move limbs to move forward) Turtle: paddle left and right with limbs -sea turtle: horizontal plane, figure eight pattern |
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What are zygodactylus limbs? |
Two toes fused together (chameleons) |
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What is gab bridging? |
Snake stiffens muscles and pushes self to further perch |
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Dry adhesion: lizard vs gecko |
Lizard: toepads, mucus pores on pads, polygon epithelial cells Gecko: lamellae covered by setae |
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Parachute vs gliding aerial locomotion |
Parachute: verticle >horizontal Gliding: horizontal >verticle |
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Aquatic suspension feeding definition, compensatory vs inertial (salamander and turtle) |
Feed on particulate prey.
Compensatory: buccal cavity expands to take in water so food doesnt get pushed away. Inertial: sucks in water and prey. -uses depressed mandibula for water suction -adductor mandibulae externis closes and pushes water out |
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Tadpole feeding and upper & lower jaw bones |
Water exits through spiracles. Interhyoid: cross, contract, and raise buccal cavity floor Orbitalhyal: contract up
Upper jaw: palatoquadrate Lower jaw: ceratohyal |
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Non-projectile feeder: caecilian |
Retroarticular process. Depressor mandibulae: open jaw Interhyoid muscle: closes jaw |
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Non-projectile feeding: turtles, pleurodire vs cryptodire |
Adductor mandibulae: closes jaw Trochlear process: Pleurodires- pterygoid bone Cryptodire- quadrate bone |
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Non-projectile feeding: crocodiles |
Depressor mandibulae: jaw open Pterygoideus muscle: close jaw |
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Non-projectile feeding: Amphisbaenians |
Median tooth: tooth in middle of upper jaw, interlocking teeth |
Legless squamates |
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Projectile feeding in salamanders |
Short: slap prey Long: sticky pad at end Hypobranchial apparatus -Subarcualis rectus: tongue projector muscle -Rectuscervicus: tongue retractor muscle |
"Squeezes" tongue out |
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Projectile feeding in frogs |
Hyoglossus: bulk of tongue -Submentalis and genioglossus medialis: contacts and fires tongue out |
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Projectile feeding in chameleons |
Entoglossus process wrapped by entoglossal muscle. Hyoglossal muscle straightens as it is moved forward. |
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Kinetic feeding (kinetic points). |
Mesokinetoc: behind eyes Metakinetic: back of skull Streptodtylic: quadrate bone, jaw freer |
Lizards and snakes |
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Snake kinetic feeding |
Scolecophidia: short jaw, narrow mouth Alethinophidia: more kinetic, loss of joint splitting left and right jaw. |
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Rhinokinesis (snakes) |
Move front part of upper jaw |
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Construction vs Envenomation |
C: compresses circulatory system E: beta-defending fight bacteria, cromatine venom genes |
Hypothesis: venom evolved before snakes |
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Duvernoys gland of a colubrid snake |
Rear fang connected to gland |
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Elapid vs Viperid venom teeth and gland |
E: many teeth, adductor mandibulae externus V: one tooth, compressor glandulae Gland moved forward, muscle squeezes gland |
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Venom gland of Gila monster |
Lower jaw, oozes venom into bite wound |
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Types of signals |
Advertisement, courtship, aggressive, contact |
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Types of sensory modalities |
Acoustic, visual, chemical, tactile |
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Influences on signalling |
Body size (frequency pitch), physiological constraints, predation, environmental noise, visual noise |
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Salamander communication |
Vomeronasal organ (picks up pheremones), territorial (fecal pellets), mating (chin glands), visual (back arching) |
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Frog communication |
Acoustic (tympanic membrane), advertisement (antiphonal, overlap), aggressive, visual (color dimorphism, leg waving), chemical (tadpoles) |
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Frog call frequency pathway |
Tympanic membrane> columella>amphibian papilla (low freq)> basilar papilla (high freq) |
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Extratympanic sound detection in frogs |
Eustachian tube: middle ear> columella Vibrates lungs |
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What is conspecific calling? |
Females prefer same species calls |
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Reptile communication: Turtles |
Epiplastron: used to immobilize females Visual: head high, open mouth Chemical: tortoises, subdentary glands (gopher tortise) pheromone secretion Acoustic: aquatic turtles |
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Reptile communication: Crocodiles |
Vocal: bellows, head slap Tactile: head on back of female More display Juveniles communicate from eggs |
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3 squamate chemosensory systems |
Olfactory, tastebuds, vomeronasal system |
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Snake communication |
Well developed chemical sensors. Tongue flicking. Females release pheromones |
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Squamate aggressive communication |
Bright patches on side of mouth, frill, throat patch coloration (more blue= more dominant) |
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Charnov- Bull model |
TSD enhance individual fitness (fitness of sons is greatest in individuals that hatch from eggs incubated at temps normally producing males and vice versa) |
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