Heartmans Nursing Assistant Care : The Basics Chapter 4

Front 1

What is homeostasis

Back 1

It is a condition in which all of the body systems are working at their best

keyword: balanced

Front 2

Anterior or ventral

Back 2

The front of the body or body part

Front 3

Posterior or dorsal

Back 3

The back of the body or body part

Front 4

Superior

Back 4

Toward the head

Front 5

Inferior

Back 5

Away from the head

Front 6

Medial

Back 6

Toward the midline of the body

Front 7

Lateral

Back 7

To the side away from the midline of the body

Front 8

Proximal

Back 8

Closer to the Torso

Front 9

Distal

Back 9

Farther away from the Torso

Front 10

What is the largest organ and system of the body

Back 10

Skin

Front 11

What kind of organ is the skin

Back 11

Sense organ

Front 12

Dilate

Back 12

Widen

Front 13

Constrict

Back 13

Narrow

Front 14

In Darker complexions what changes should you look for in the tissue or skin

Back 14

An orange peel look or purplish Hue and extremely dry crust like areas that might be covering a tissue break

Front 15

How many bones are in the human body

Back 15

206

Front 16

What do muscles do

Back 16

Muscles provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and produce heat

Front 17

Atrophy

Back 17

When the muscle waste away decreases in size and becomes weak

Front 18

Contracture

Back 18

Develops when the muscle or tendon shortens becomes inflexible and freezes in position

Front 19

What is arthritis

Back 19

A general term for inflammation or swelling of the joints it is an autoimmune disease

Front 20

Autoimmune illness

Back 20

Autoimmune illnesses causes the body's immune system to attack normal tissue in the body

Front 21

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 21

Can affect people of all ages joints become red, swollen and very painful

Front 22

Osteoarthritis

Back 22

Called degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis often affects older people

Front 23

Osteoporosis

Back 23

Causes bones to become porous and brittle it occurs more commonly in women after menopause

Front 24

What causes a hip fracture

Back 24

It is caused by an accident or by osteoporosis

Front 25

When dressing a patient that has had a hip replacement what is one important guideline that you should remember

Back 25

Dress the weaker side first

Front 26

Partial weight-bearing

Back 26

The resident is able to support some body weight on one or both legs

Front 27

Non weight-bearing

Back 27

The resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs

Front 28

Full weight-bearing

Back 28

Means both legs can bear a hundred percent of the body weight on a step

Front 29

What are some guidelines for hip replacement

Back 29

1 dress the weaker side first

2 Follow the care plan exactly even if the resident wants to do more

3 crossing the resident not to sit with her legs crossed the hip cannot be bent or flexed more than 90 degrees it could not be turned inward or outward

4 when transferring from bed use a pillow between the thighs to keep a leg separate

5 with chair and toilet transfers the operative leg should be straight into the stronger leg should stay in first then the foot of the affected leg can be brought back to the walking position

Front 30

What can be used to help control blood clots

Back 30

Apply a special stocking as ordered one type is a compression stocking it is plastic Air filled sleeve like device that is applied to the legs and hooked to a machine

Front 31

What does the nervous system do

Back 31

It is the control center of the body it controls and coordinates all body functions the nervous system also senses and interprets information from outside the human body works together with the skin organ

Front 32

What are the two main parts of the nervous system

Back 32

1 the central nervous system

2 peripheral nervous system

Front 33

What happens during a stroke

Back 33

Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain brain cells begin to die

Front 34

Hemiplegia

Back 34

Paralysis on one side of the body

Front 35

Expressive aphasia

Back 35

Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

Front 36

Dysphasia

Back 36

Difficulty swallowing

Front 37

What are some guidelines for caring for a patient who have had a stroke

Back 37

1 Residents of paralysis weakness or loss of movement will usually have physical or occupational therapy

2 being confused or having memory loss are upsetting people often cry for no apparent reason after suffering a stroke

3 when helping with transfers or walking always use a gait belt for safety, stand on the weaker side and support the weaker side lead with the stronger side

4 dress the weaker side first

5 phrase questions in a yes or no form

Front 38

What is Parkinson's Disease and what does it cause

Back 38

Parkinson's disease is a progressive incurable disease. Parkinson's causes a section of the brain to degenerate and causes stooped posture and shuffling gait or walk it can also cause pill rolling

Front 39

What is multiple sclerosis

Back 39

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease that affects the central nervous system

Front 40

What are some guidelines for caring with for a patient with multiple sclerosis

Back 40

1 Give the resident plenty of time to communicate

2 prevent Falls which may be due to a lack of coordination fatigue or vision problems

Front 41

What do head injuries cause

Back 41

Head injuries can cause permanent brain damage, they may have intellectual disability personalality changes, breathing problems, seizures, coma, memory loss, loss of consciousness paresis and paralysis

Front 42

Paraplegia

Back 42

Loss of function of the lower body and legs

Front 43

Quadriplegia

Back 43

Loss of function in the legs, trunk and Arms

Front 44

What are the body's major sense organs

Back 44

Ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin. they are all part of the central nervous system

Front 45

What is a cataract

Back 45

A cataract develops the lens of the eye which is normally clear becomes cloudy this prevents light from entering the eye. vision blurs and dims initially vision is eventually lost entirely

Front 46

How is glaucoma treated

Back 46

It is treated with eye drops and other medication and sometimes with surgery

Front 47

What does the circulatory system do

Back 47

The circulatory system supplies, food, oxygen and hormones to cells. IT also supplies the body with infection-fighting blood cells. the circulatory system also removes waste products from cells and helps control body temperature

Front 48

Hypertension

Back 48

High blood pressure. a measurement of 140 / 90 or higher is considered hypertension

Front 49

Angina pectoris

Back 49

Chest pain, pressure or discomfort

Front 50

What is extremely important for patients that suffer angina pectoris

Back 50

Rest! rest reduces the need for oxygen and help the blood flow return to normal often within 3 to 15 minutes

Front 51

What type of diet should a patient be on who have had a myocardial infraction or heart attack

Back 51

Residents may be on a diet that is low in fat and cholesterol and are low in sodium and courage residents to follow special diets

Front 52

What is used to help remove excess fluids with congestive heart failure

Back 52

Medications help remove excess fluids this means more trips to the bathroom

Front 53

Respiration

Back 53

The body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide involves breathing in

Front 54

Expirations

Back 54

Breathing out

Front 55

Inspiration

Back 55

Breathing in

Front 56

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 56

Causes trouble with breathing especially in getting air out of the lungs

Front 57

How should a patient with COPD sit

Back 57

It helps residents with COPD to sit upright and lean forward slightly

Front 58

What kind of breathing should you encourage with residents with COPD

Back 58

Encourage pursed lip breathing pursed lip breathing involves inhaling slowly through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips as if about to whistle

Front 59

What are the two important functions of the urinary system

Back 59

The urinary system eliminates waste products created by the cells urinary system also maintains the water balance in the body

Front 60

What are four things an NA needs to remember when treating UTIs

Back 60

1 UTIs are more common in women

2 encourage residents to wipe from front to back after elimination

3 encourage plenty of fluids

4 taking showers rather than baths help prevent UTIs

Front 61

What is another term for the gastrointestinal system and what is it's function

Back 61

The digestive system: the two functions of this system is digestion and elimination

Front 62

Digestion

Back 62

The process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

Front 63

Elimination

Back 63

The process of expelling solid waste

Front 64

What are normal signs of aging in the gastrointestinal system

Back 64

1 decreased saliva production

2 dull sense of taste

3 absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases

4 the process of digestion takes longer

5 body waste moves more slowly through the intestines

Front 65

Constipation

Back 65

The inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent difficult and often painful elimination of hard dry stool

Front 66

Hemorrhoids

Back 66

Enlarged veins in the rectum

Front 67

Diarrhea

Back 67

The frequent elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces

Front 68

Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 68

A chronic condition in which liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus

Front 69

What are two things that can help with GERD

Back 69

1 serving the evening meal three to four hours before bedtime

2 serving the largest meal of the day at lunchtime and several small meals throughout the day

Front 70

Stoma

Back 70

An artificial opening in the abdomen

Front 71

Endocrine system

Back 71

Is made up of glands in different areas of the body

keyword pancreas and diabetes

Front 72

What are three things that one should observe about the endocrine system that is related to diabetes

Back 72

1 loss of appetite or increased appetite

2 increased thirst

3 frequent urination or any change in the urine output

Front 73

What are the two types of diabetes

Back 73

Type 1: usually is diagnosed in children and young adults

Type 2: most common form of diabetes in adults

Front 74

What are two important guidelines for diabetics

Back 74

1 proper foot care give foot care as directed, diabetics have poor circulation

2 encourage residents to wear comfortable well-fitting leather shoes that do not hurt their feet ,cotton socks are best to absorb sweat

Front 75

What are the normal signs of aging in the reproductive system for males

Back 75

Sperm production decreases, prostate gland enlarges which can interfere with urination

Front 76

What are the normal signs of aging in the reproductive system for females

Back 76

Menstration ends, decrease in estrogen, and vaginal walls become drier and thinner

Front 77

What does the immune system do

Back 77

The immune system protect the body from disease causing bacteria, viruses, and organisms

Front 78

Nonspecific immunity

Back 78

Protects the body from disease in general

Front 79

Specific immunity

Back 79

Protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time

Front 80

Lymph

Back 80

Is a clear yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes

Front 81

What are 2 guidelines for residents with HIV or Aids

Back 81

1 a person has nausea or vomiting should eat small frequent meals

2 numbness, tingling and pain in the feet and legs is usually treated with medication, wearing loose soft slippers may be helpful. if blankets cause pain use a bed cradle

Front 82

Tumor

Back 82

A group of abnormally growing cells

Front 83

Benign tumor

Back 83

Considered non-cancerous

keyword: be nice

Front 84

Malignant tumor

Back 84

Cancerous tumor

keyword: mean

Front 85

What are three treatments of cancer that may be combined

Back 85

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

Front 86

What is one thing NA with residents with cancer or a terminal illness need to remember

Back 86

Respect the needs of the resident, be honest and never say everything will be ok, be sensitive and remember that residents may not want to talk about it

Front 87

What are three guidelines for residents with cancer

Back 87

1 give back rubs for comfort and increase circulation

2 use lotion on dry or delicate skin but do not apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy

3 help residents brush and floss teeth regularly. Do not use commercial mouthwash or any mouthwash with alcohol base