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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic |
no nucleus |
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eukaryotic |
nucleus |
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organic molecules |
contains C, H sometimes N, P, S, Na, Fe, but most often O |
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isotopes |
same element, same # of protons, diff # of neutrons |
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isomers |
compound w same formula but diff structure |
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covalent |
valence electrons shared between 2 non-metals |
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polar covalent |
pair of valence electrons are unequally shared |
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electronegativity |
measures strength of which an atom can attract electrons |
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condensation reaction (dehydration reaction) |
joins monomers to form polymer water molecule is produced |
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hydrolysis reaction |
breaks polymer into mononers water is added H+ is added to one monomer OH- to other monomer |
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neutralization reaction |
occurs when acids and bases react to produce H2O |
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redox (reduction oxidation) reaction |
LEO goes GER loss of electrons is oxidation gain of electrons is reduction common in metabolic reactions |
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substrate-level phosphorylation |
ATP uses energy released from breaking phosphate group off another molecule to attach the phosphate to ADP to ATP |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
metabolic reaction that uses energy released by oxidation of glucose to produce ATP in cellular respiration |
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phophorylation |
production of ATP using energy of sunlight during photosynthesis |
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monosaccharides |
the simplest of the sugars base formula (reduced) is 1:2:1 |
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oligosaccharides |
2-3 monosaccharides joined by Glycosidic linkages |
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polysaccharides |
complex carb |
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glycogen |
our version of starch |
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structural polysaccharides |
cellulose - we cant digest it |
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chitin |
exoskeleton of crustaceans and cell walls of fungi |
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hydrophobic molecules |
contains more non-polar C-H bonds so theyre insoluble in water fats phospholipids sterols waxes |
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proteins |
DNA only codes for proteins |
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amino acids |
building block for proteins peptide bonds hold polypeptides together |
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info macromolecules |
every organism uses them to store hereditary info only molecules that can produce copies of themselves |
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DNA vs RNA |
DNA contains genetic info RNA reads and delivers info outside nucleus |
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enzymes end in ASE |
only effects one substrate enzymes are reused |
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active sites |
small # of functional groups that bind to the substrates rest of protein structures are needed to maintain these functional groups in position |
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cofactors |
additional non-protein molecules that is needed by some enzymes to help the reaction |
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the induced fit model |
functional groups od the substrate get close to the enzymes groups forcing it to change shape and fit the substrate better reactions can be saturated, controlled by enzymes |
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substrate concentration |
non-enzymic reactions the increase in velocity is proportional to the substrate concentration |
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temperature and pH |
both control enzyme activity both have optimal ranges |
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enzyme inhibitions |
inhibitions block the enzyme from working |
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allosteric regulation (inhibition) 2 ways to control enzyme activity |
1) restricting enzyme production 2) controlling enzymes already made |
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feedback inhibition |
product formed in a later reaction inhibits an earlier reaction |
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passive transport |
requires no energy (ATP) travels down the concentration gradient, its a slow process |
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active transport |
requires cellular energy (ATP) can go against gradients, can be faster process |
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diffusion |
a form of passive transport across semi-permiable membrane |
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osmosis |
net movement if water = solute concentration |
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tonicity |
hypotonic - lower solute concentration hypertonic - higher sol con isotonic - equal sol con |
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bulk transport |
endocytosis - bring materials in exocytocis - vesicles- plasma membrane container to move things in cells |
