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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Climate Change - What is the difference between the weather and climate? |
The weather has an atmospheric change that lasts for a short period of time, whereas the climate is when it’s a long period of time. |
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Climate Change - What are factors that affect climate change? |
1. Latitude (Distance from the equator) 2. Large bodies of water 3. Ocean or air currents 4. Land formations 5. Altitude (height above sea level) |
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Climate Change - What are 3 ways earth interacts with the suns energy? (Infrared Radiation) |
Radiation may be: 1. Absorbed (Increasing the molecular motion or spreading the molecules) 2. Transmitted (Radiation passes through) 3. Reflected (Radiation bounces off in another direction) |
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Climate Change - How does latitude affect the climate? |
Regions near the equator are warmer, the radiation is directly overhead, the suns energy is concentrated on a small area, and less reflection and absorption by the atmosphere Regions at higher latitudes are cooler, radiation enters the atmosphere at an angle, the sun’s energy is spread out over a larger area, and more reflection by the atmosphere |
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Climate Change - What is the climate system? |
The complex, interacting set of components that produce Earth’s climate. |
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Climate Change - What are the four main components of Earth’s climate system? |
Atmosphere - Layers of gas surrounding the earth Hydrosphere - Includes all liquid surface water, ice and water vapour Lithosphere - All rock crust and land formations (including below the ocean) Biosphere - All living things |
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Climate Change - Three ways water transfer energy |
Water moves, carrying thermal energy Water changes state, releasing energy to the environment Water moderates temperatures because of it’s high heat capacity |
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Climate Change - Large Bodies of Water and climate zones |
Water must absorb a lot of thermal energy before its temperature rises. Water can lose a lot of energy before its temperature drops. Bodies of water act as “energy banks” and nearby regions don’t experience such extremes of temperatures. |
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Climate Change - Ice and Climate System |
Permanent ice and snow in polar regions cause more of the sun’s radiation to be reflected, which is why these regions are so cold |
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Climate Change - Altitude and Climate Zones |
At high altitudes (Alpine regions), the air temperature is cooler (than lower regions) because the atmospheric pressure is lower due to there being less air above that’s pushing down. As air rises to higher altitudes it expands and cools. |
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Climate Change - 3 functions of Atmosphere in Climate Systems |
1. Reflects, transmits, and absorbs the sun’s radiation 2. Provides an insulating layer to conserve energy to keep the earth warm and from extreme temperatures 3. Protects the earth by filtering out dangerous, high energy (UV or GAMMA) radiation |
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Climate Change - The Greenhouse Effect |
The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near earth’s surfaces by substances known as greenhouse gases.
The ultimate source is from the sun. This energy makes its way down in the form of radiation. Much of the high energy is transmitted through the atmosphere, making its way down to the earth’s surface. It’s then absorbed, becomes thermal energy as the surface of the earth warms. The warmer earth then re-emits the energy as infrared radiation. |
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Climate Change - 4 main greenhouse gases |
Water vapour (H2O) - takes up 66% of the greenhouse effect. Feedback loop: warmer temperatures - more water evaporates - increase greenhouse effect Methane (CH4) - From livestock, land fill and industry, present in very small amounts, per molecule CH4 can absorb 23-30 times more h to renal energy than CO2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - composes 0.03% of the atmosphere, responsible for 25% of the greenhouse gases Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - Produced by bacteria in soil and water, 300 times more impactful than CO2 as a GHG |
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Climate Change - What is the anthropogenic greenhouse effect? |
The greenhouse effect, but caused by humans. For example, Fossil fuels release CO2, which is acting as a blanket and trapping the sun’s heat in our atmosphere. |
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Climate Change - Natural and Anthropogenic sources of each GHG |
Natural - Volcanoes, forest fires, decomposing organic matter release CO2 and CH4 Human - Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and farming livestock. |
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Climate Change - Which GHG lasts longest in the atmosphere and why? |
Carbon dioxide, because it is a stable molecule that does not break down easily. |
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Climate Change - Which GHG is the most abundant in the atmosphere? |
Water vapour, because warmer air holds more moisture. |
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Climate Change - Carbon Source vs Carbon Sinks |
Carbon source - Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, volcanic eruptions, blunting organic matter, cellular respiration Carbon sink - Forests, oceans, plants, carbonate rocks |
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Climate Change - Why does raising livestock contribute to global warming? |
Livestock, landfill, and industry produces methane. |
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Climate Change - Methane has a short lifespan. Why is it considered a concern? |
Because methane absorbs heat much better than CO2 |
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Climate Change - How do large bodies of water like oceans, moderate climate in regions around them? |
It uses a lot of energy when the temperature drops, regions near won’t feel the extreme temperature change, and water bodies are considered energy tanks. |
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Climate Change - Which GHG do scientists think is most connected to climate change? |
They think it’s CO2 because they found temperature increasing along with CO2, and extracting along with burning fossil fuels release CO2 |
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Climate Change - Proxy Records |
Proxy records are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that hold historical information on the climate from the past, that can be used for data. There are signs within the records that can indicate whether the climate was cooler or warmer. Examples - Tree cores, ice cores, ocean and lake sediments, and corals. |
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Climate Change - Albedo |
Albedo is the fraction of light the earth’s surface reflects. If 30% of the light is reflected, the albedo is 0.3. When sun hits dark coloured surfaces, very little is reflected. Ice and snow have a high albedo, therefore it’s cold. Trees and grass have a low albedo, therefore it’s warm. |
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Climate Change - Positive and Negative feedback loop |
Positive - warmer temps - ice melts - heat is absorbed (also warming effect) Negative - cooler temps - ice forms - more of the sun’s radiation is reflected by ice (cooling effect) |
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Climate Change - What actions can be taken to limit climate change? |
Cut consumption and waste, don’t waste food, walk instead of drive, reduce energy bills. |
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Climate Change - What is El Niño? |
The above average sea surface temperature that periodically develops across the east |
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Climate Change - In terms of climate, what is considered a short period of time? |
10s - 100s of years |
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Climate Change - Long - term and short - term changes in climate |
Ice age - a time in earths history when earth was colder and most of the planet was covered in ice Interglacial periods - a time between ice ages when earth warms up Plate tectonics - The theory explaining the slow movement of the large plates on earth’s crust Continental drift - The theory that earth’s continents used to be one super continent named Pangaea |
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Climate Change - How does continental drift affect climate? |
Ocean currents and wind patterns change, distribution of land mass vs water bodies makes climates more/less moderate, uplifting of mountain ranges affects regional climate |
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Climate Change - Long Term cycles in climate |
Earth cycles between ice ages and interglacial periods every 100,000 years. Interglacial periods and ice ages keep happening because of the eccentricity of orbit (shape), tilt of angle on the earth’s axis, and precession of tilt (wobble of axis) |
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Climate Change - Short term variations in climate |
Volcanic Eruption - gases and dust reflect more radiation, which results in temporary cooling of Earth. Disruptions due to air and ocean currents - a periodic counter - current that causes the El Niño effect. |
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Chemistry - Describing Properties of Substances |
States - Liquid, Gas, Solid, Aqueous Colour - Pink, Green, Blue, etc… Clarity - Opaque, Transparent, Translucent |
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Chemistry - Gas Tests |
Oxygen - Put Magnesium Dioxide into a test tube with Hydrogen Peroxide. Put a thumb over the test tube to trap the gas, then put a glowing splint in the tube. If the fire re-ignites, Oxygen has formed. Hydrogen - Put a piece of magnesium into a test tube with hydrochloric acid. Put the glowing splint in the test tube, if it makes a pop sound, Hydrogen has formed. Carbon Dioxide - Put calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid into lime water. If it turns cloudy, Carbon Dioxide has formed. |
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Chemistry - Periods and Groups |
Vertical columns are called families, because of their similar chemical behaviour. They all have the same amount of valence electrons and similar chemical properties. Horizontal rows are called periods. |
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Chemistry - Metals vs Non-metals |
Metals are on the left side, Non - metals are on the right. Metalloids are on the steps Non - metal + non - metal compounds are molecular compounds. They have prefixes. Non - metal + metal - Ionic compounds. They do not have prefixes. Metals - They are a solid, shiny, malleable, and conductors Non - metals - They are a solid, liquid or gas, dull, brittle, and insulators. |
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Chemistry - Element Families |
Family one - Alkali metals (most reactive), they all have one valence electron Family two - Alkali earth metals (Second most reactive), they all have 2 valence electrons Family 17 - Halogens (Very Reactive), they all have 7 valence electrons Family 18 - Noble Gasses (non-reactive), they are all stable |
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Chemistry - Valence Electrons |
Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost shell. |
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Chemistry - Lewis dot diagram for atoms and ions |
Lewis dot diagram for ions have square brackets and the charge on the top right. Lewis dot diagram for atoms are just the valance electrons as dots. |
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Chemistry - Formation of ions: gaining/losing electrons |
If Na gave Cl an electron to complete it’s valence electron shell, Na would have a negative 1 charge and Cl would have a positive 1 charge |
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Chemistry - If 25g CaCO3 is heated to produce 15g of CaO, what mass of CO2 is also produced? |
10g, because reactant mass = product mass |
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Chemistry - What Are types of chemical reactions? |
Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion |
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Chemistry - What are names and formulas of common acids? |
Acids - Chemical Formulas begin with H, EX: HCI (Hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid). Bases - Contains a hydroxide in the formula (usually), could also contain bicarbonate, which reacts in water to make the hydroxide |
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Chemistry - Properties of Acids and Bases |
Acids - Sour smell, taste, water soluble and electrical conductors when dissolved in water. Very reactive, releases H ions when dissolved in H2O. Example substances - Acetic Acid (vinegar), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid (lemons, oranges, etc) Bases - Bitter tasting, slippery when dissolved in water, good electrical conductors when dissolved in water. Releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, breaks down proteins. Example substances - sodium hydroxide (drain cleaner), potassium hydroxide (soap), sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) |
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Chemistry - What is pH? What does the pH scale measure? |
pH is the measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. pH stands for power of hydrogen. If the pH level is 0, it’s very acidic. It the pH level is 7, it’s neutral, and if the pH level is 14 it’s very basic of alkali. |
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Chemistry - What is neutralization reactions? |
When acid and base react together and form a product of water and ionic salt. |
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Chemistry - What are two types of observations? |
Qualitative (word descriptions) and quantitative (numerical measurements) |
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Chemistry - What Are two types of properties (characteristics) that can be observed? |
Physical - Anything that can be observed/detected by the 5 senses. EX: Sulfur, a yellow solid. Chemical - How a substance behaves with another substance. EX: Iron, will tust of oxidize in the presence of oxygen. |
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Chemistry - What is ionic bonding? |
Ionic bonding is a form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another. |
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Chemistry - Naming non - metal and metal compounds |
Naming a non - metal and metal compound, add -ide at the end of the non - metal (metal comes first in the compound) |
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Chemistry - Chemical formulas |
Using the criss-cross method |
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Chemistry - Polyatomic Ions |
Naming metal + polyatomic ions, and using the criss cross method. |
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Chemistry - What is a covalent bond? |
A covalent bond involves a sharing of electrons between two atoms, unlike an ionic bond where it oppositely attracts the charge ions |
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Chemistry - When is prefixes used? |
Prefixes are used only for when it’s a molecular compound |
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Chemistry - 1, 2, 3, etc |
Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca |
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Chemistry - Turning the chemical compound name to the formula with prefixes |
Phosphorus pentachloride - PCl5 Criss cross is not used |
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Chemistry - What is the law of conservation of mass? |
In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed. For example, the carbon atom in coal becomes carbon dioxide when it is burned. The carbon atom changes from a solid structure to gas’s but it’s mass does not change. |
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Chemistry - Representing Atoms |
Mass number - The top left, # protons + # of neutrons. Atomic number - Bottom left, is the # of protons and identifies the element. Net charge - Top right, q = net charge, q - # of electrons Electrons = Same # of protons Neutrons = Mass # - protons # |
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Chemistry - What is an isotope? |
An Isotope is when it’s the same element, but different number of neutrons. |
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Chemistry - Representing Atoms |
Mass number - The top left, # protons + # of neutrons. Atomic number - Bottom left, is the # of protons and identifies the element. Net charge - Top right, q = net charge, q - # of electrons Electrons = Same # of protons Neutrons = Mass # - protons # |
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Chemistry - What is an isotope? |
An Isotope is when it’s the same element, but different number of neutrons. |
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Chemistry - What is an Ion? |
An atom with a net charge. Positive - lost an electron Negative - gained an election |
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Chemistry- What do metals tend to do in reactions with non-metals? |
They lose electrons to become positively charged anions |
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Biology - Malignant Vs Benign Tumour |
Malignant - Is a cancerous cell that affects surrounding cells Benign - Is a non cancerous cell that does not affect surrounding cells |
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Biology - What is Metastasis? |
Cancerous cells that leave the tumour and break into the blood stream, spreading throughout the body. When the tumour cells reach other parts of the body and form secondary tumours, it can be fatal if not treated. |
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Biology - What are ways on screening and diagnosing cancer? |
Cancer Screening - Means checking even if there are no symptoms. Pap tests for cervical cancer, Brest self examination, PSA for prostate cancer, and observation of moles (Asymmetry, Border, Colour, Diameter, Evolving) Diagnosis - Colonoscopy (a tiny video camera is inserted into the colon), X-ray (examinations produce pictures of internal organs), Ultrasound (Ultra high frequency sound waves bouncing off different parts of the body), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), biopsy (a small sample of tumour cells is removed and examined under a microscope) |
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Biology - What are some Cancer treatments? |
Surgery - remove cancer cells if reachable, by cutting out the tumour. Side effects are some of the cancerous cells may still be left, and painful to recover from. Chemotherapy - Drugs to slow or even stop the cells from dividing so fast. Side effects - hair loss, weight loss, and can damage healthy cells. Radiation - Uses a special type of radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation in high doses targets cells and damages the DNA in their genes making it impossible for them to divide. Side effects - healthy cells are effects. |
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Biology - How does physical form/characteristics of specialized cells support function? |
Specialized cells can adaption to a particular function, the structure the cell has are directly related to the function they are able to carry out. |
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Biology - What are types of specialized cells? |
Red blood cells - round, flat, smooth, carries oxygen to tissues and cells, can squeeze through narrow blood vessels. Skin cells - flat, rough, no defined shape, reduces water loss and protects cells inside. Bone cells - not smooth, many holes, tough, collects calcium from food, and allows growth and repair of bones. Muscle cells - bumpy, smooth, flexible, makes the fibre shorter and causes bones to move. White blood cells - fuzzy, ball shape, fights off infections and engulfs bacteria. Sperm cells - long, has a head, smooth, small, can move independently and carries dna from the male parent. Fat cells - round, smooth, transparent, stores fat molecules and energy Nerve cells - long, thin, stretchy, conducts electrical impulses to coordinate body activity |
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Biology - Plant specialized cells |
Water and mineral transport cells - circular, tall, rough, transports water and dissolves minerals through plants Storage cells - circular, smooth, round, contains stretch and source of energy for plants. Photosynthetic cells - small, smooth, flat, contains chloroplasts Sugar transport cells - flat, has many holes, rough outline, transports dissolved sugars around the plant. |
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Biology - Organization of life |
Atoms (smallest particle of matter), molecules (made up one or more atoms chemically bonded together), organelles (molecules formed together to function in a cell), cell (smallest unit of life, multi or unicellular), tissues (made up of similar working cells), organ (made up of many tissues working together to function in the body), organ system (made up of many organs working together to function in a body), organism (an individual that is able to maintain a environment and carry out the basic functions of life) |
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Biology - What are 4 different types of animal tissues? |
Epithelial Tissue - Found in the skin and digestive tract. Protect surface from dehydration Nerve Tissue - Found in the brain and spine cord. Communicates with body Connective tissue - found in the bones and tendons, to support and insulate Muscle tissue - found in the muscles, digestive tract and heart. Function is movement |
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Biology - Types of Stem Cells |
Has the opportunity to become any cell |
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Biology - Cell Theory |
1. Cells are the most basic/smallest unit of life 2. All living things are made up of cells 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Biology - What are the benefits and characteristics of stem cells? |
Their ability to differentiate into any cell and their ability to destroy and repair cells |
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Biology - Organs of the digestive system |
Mouth - Chemically (enzymes) and Mechanically (chewing) breaks down the food Esophagus - Muscular tube connecting mouth and esophagus. After the food has been broken down, it goes down the esophagus. The esophagus involuntarily pushing the food down (parastalsis), and it’s controlled by the nerve tissue Stomach - produces acid and digestive enzymes. It will continue to churn the food. The stomach is lined with many nerves to detect when we’ve eaten enough. Small intestine - 6m long, narrow, where most of the digestion occurs, goblet cells release mucus and nutrients diffuse through the walls and into the blood stream Large intestine - also known as the colon, water is absorbed from indigestible food and the remaining solid matter is poop and from the anus. Colitis - inflammation of the tissue lining the colon. Causes include viruses, bacteria, narrowed blood vessels and failure of the body to fight diseases. |
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Biology - Accessory organs and their functions of the digestive system |
Liver - provides digestive enzymes and bile, breaks down fat Pancreas - provides digestive enzymes and insulin, required for balancing sugar level Gall bladder - provides digestive enzymes Diabetes - disease where too much or too little insulin is delivered to the blood and blood sugar are higher or lowered |
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Biology - Organ’s and it’s functions of the circulatory system |
Made up of the Heart, blood vessels, and blood. Main function of the circulatory system is to transport materials through the body. Blood - made up of red blood cells (carries oxygen, nutrients and other materials, contains protein called haemogoblin), white blood cells (defend against infections) platelets(formation of blood clot to help heal) and plasma (liquid portion of the blood) Blood vessels - Arteries are thick walled tubes that usually transport oxygenated blood to the body tissues from the heart (away from the heart, red). veins are thinner tubes that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart (towards the heart, blue) Capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells. They exchange materials such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. (SMALL THIN WALLED BLOOD VESSELS THAT ALLOW SUBSTANCES TO PEA IN AND OUT KF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) Heart - has four chambers that pump blood to the lungs and all body parts. The heart act as a double pump with the right side deoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body. The blood is then pumped to the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and it becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, where it’s pumped to the rest of your body. |
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Biology - Plant specialized cells |
Water and mineral transport cells - circular, tall, rough, transports water and dissolves minerals through plants Storage cells - circular, smooth, round, contains stretch and source of energy for plants. Photosynthetic cells - small, smooth, flat, contains chloroplasts Sugar transport cells - flat, has many holes, rough outline, transports dissolved sugars around the plant. Epidermal cells - Spike, tall, rough, has hairs that absorb water from soil Guard cells - soft, round cells in the surface of leaves |
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Biology - Respiratory System’s organs and functions |
This system is responsible for providing the oxygen needed by the body and for removing the carbon dioxide produced as your body uses energy for growth, repair, and movement. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and organs that connect the lungs to fresh air such as: the mouth, nose, pharynx (throat), trachea (windpipe), and bronchi. The main purpose of the respiratory system is gas exchange. Inside Alveoli Sac - O2 levels are high, CO2 levels are low Inside the capillary - O2 levels are low, CO2 levels are high Oxygen enters the bloodstream in the lungs by diffusion. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the same way. The respiratory system is adapted in several ways to make these processes as efficient as possible . The respiratory system includes a method of moving air into and out the lungs called breathing |
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Biology - Respiratory System diseases |
Tuberculosis - infectious disease, easily passed. Caused by bacteria entering your body when you breath. Symptoms include fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness. Diagnosed with X rays Lung cancer - caused by carcinogen. SARS - severe acute respiratory syndrome. Symptoms - flu like symptoms, shortness of breath, dry cough Diagnosed with X-rays |
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Biology - How does the circulatory and respiratory systems work together? |
The circulatory system supports the respiratory system by bringing blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system helps deliver nutrients and oxygen from the lungs throughout the body |
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Biology - What are the organelles of cells and their functions? |
Nucleus - Control centre of the cell Nuclear membrane - Keeps the cell apart from the nucleus Cell membrane - keeps some substances in, others out Chromatin - Contains a thread like material that contains a genetic code called DNA Cell wall - protects and supports the cell Ribosomes - Proteins are made in this organelle Cytoplasm - Mostly water, but also contains other substances that are stored up until the cell needs them Endoplasmic Reticulum - Three dimensional network of branching tubes and pockets, also extends throughout the cytoplasmic nuclear membrane Mitochondria - Provides ATP from glucose through the process called cellular respiration Golgi Bodies - Collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell, and makes mucus Vacuoles - When filled with water, tugor pressures keep the cells plump which keeps the plants stems and leaves firm Lysosomes - Break down excess or worn out cell parts Chloroplast - Absorbs chlorophyll to keep the plant green, also absorbs light and energy for photosynthesis
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Biology - Plant and Animal Cell Differences |
Animal Cell - Has no cell wall, smaller vacuole, chloroplasts Plant cell - Larger vacuole, square shape, has a cell wall, has chloroplasts |
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Biology - What is the purpose of cell division? |
Cell division is the process of dividing cells cells so it allows organisms to grow, heal and reproduce |
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Biology - The Order and time cells spend in cell divison |
90% interphase, 10% mitosis |
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Biology - What happens during interphase and the stages of Mitosis |
Interphase is preparing for cell divison. It carries out its daily functions. Prophase is where DNA compacts and becomes chromosomes. Chromosomes have two threads called Sister Chromatids. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase is where the chromosomes line up together in the middle, and the centrists migrate to the poles. Spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromosomes in the middle. Anaphase is when the spindle fibres are pulling the chromosomes apart, which become daughter chromosomes. Spindle fibres are still visible Telophase is where the spindle fibres are no longer visible, and a new nuclear membrane forms around the daughter chromosomes. Cytokinesis is when the cell finally divides |
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Biology - Diffusion Vs Osmosis |
Diffusion - Chemicals travel from higher concentration to lower concentration Osmosis - H2O moves towards an area of high concentration Concentration - How much a chemical exists in a given value |
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Biology - What is Cancer? |
A cancer cell is one that continues to divide despite messages from the nucleus or surrounding cells telling it to stop. When cancer cells divide random changes can occur, known has mutations. Sometimes mutations occur in DNA that controls division. Scientists suggest at least 7 mutations are required to convert a normal cell to a cancer cell. |
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Biology - What are the causes and characteristics of Cancer Cells? |
Mutagens - Induces heritable change in cells or organisms. Carcinogens - Substance that induces unregulated growth processes in cells or tissues or multicellular animals, leading to cancer. Some well known carcinogens are - X-rays, UV radiation, Smoking, Organic solvents, and viruses. |
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Physics - What is Optics? |
Optics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behaviour of light. |
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Physics - What are ways optical devices and applications of light impact our lives? |
Medical Applications - X-rays Scientific Applications - Microscope, Teloscope Everyday items - flashlight, lightbulb, mirrors Environment - Street lights, northern lights |
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Physics - What are ways optical devices and applications of light impact our lives? |
Medical Applications - X-rays Scientific Applications - Microscope, Teloscope Everyday items - flashlight, lightbulb, mirrors Environment - Street lights, northern lights |
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Physics - What is light and how is it produced? |
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light is a visible form of energy and has the properties of a wave. |
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Physics - What are the natural and artificial sources of light? |
Natural sources - bioluminescence, phosphorescence Artificial - Incandescence, Fluorescence, LED, Chemiluminescence |
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Physics - What are the advantages and disadvantages of Incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lights? |
Benefits Incandescent - Good colour remaining, easily dimmable and cheap. Fluorescent - Energy efficient, long life, not as expensive LED - Energy efficient, easy maintenance, long lasting Disadvantages - Incandescent - Short use, inefficient (90% heat loss) Fluorescent - Limitations, higher cost, contains mercury LED - Not dimmer compatible, base cost is high |
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Physics - Luminous / Non - luminous |
Luminous - Objects that can emit light on their own Non - Luminous - Objects that cannot emit light on their own. Objects that require reflected light |
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Physics - Electromagnetic spectrum in order to, highest to lowest |
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays. |
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Physics - Transparent, Opaque, Translucent |
Transparent - Light passes through easily, objects behind the object are seen Translucent - Some light passes through, objects behind the object are not clearly seen Opaque - Non light is passed through, incident ray is either absorbed or reflected, no object can be seen behind the object. |
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Physics - What is a plane mirror? |
A mirror can produce an imagine, a reproduction of an original object that is produced through the use of light. It is any polished surface that exhibits reflection. Most mirrors consist of two parts - Front part of a sheet is glass, back part is a thin layer of reflective silver or aluminum. |
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Physics - Flat mirror terms |
Plane mirror - A flat mirror Incident ray - original, incoming ray Reflected ray - A ray that bounces off a mirror Normal - A line perpendicular to the mirror Angle of incidence - Angle of the incidence ray and the normal Angle of reflection - Angle of the reflected ray and normal |
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Physics - What is the law of reflection? |
1. The angle of incidence = angle of reflection 2. The incidence, normal, and reflected ray all lie in the same plane. |
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Physics - Specular vs diffuse reflection |
Specular reflection is the reflection of light off a shiny, smooth, surface. Diffuse reflection is the reflection off an irregular or dull surface. The Laws of reflection hold true for both, but due to the nature of the surface, the result is different. |
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Physics - SALT |
S - Size A - Attitude L - Location T - Type |
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Physics - What is refraction? |
Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. Refraction happens because the speed of light changes when it enters a material that is less optically dense or more optically dense. When it enters an optically dense material, it bends towards the normal. It it enters a less dense material, it will bend away from the normal. |
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Physics - Partial reflection and refraction |
Sometimes when light strikes a material, some of it is reflected, and some of it is refracted. It produces a reflected ray, as well as a refracted ray. Applications of a partial reflection include - mirrors sunglasses and one way mirrors. |
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Physics - What are sources of lights? |
Bioluminescence - Light produced by living things. For example - Fireflies, lantern fish Phosphorescence - Produces light after absorbing ultraviolet energy, and in a lower energy, and has an afterglow after the exciting radiation has been over with. Examples - Glow in the dark sticks Incandescence - light produced from an object at a high temperature. Example - Stoves Fluorescence - Produces light after absorbing ultraviolet energy and immediately releases the energy as visible light. Chemiluminescence - Light is produced after a chemical reaction LED - Light is produced by a device that allows an electric current to flow in only one direction. |