Global 9 Review

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SOURCES OF HISTORY:
What are PRIMARY sources? What are SECONDARY sources?

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PRIMARY sources are original records of events. Examples: a diary or a videotape of something happening.
A SECONDARY source comes after the event and tells about it. An example is a textbook.

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What was the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (the NEW Stone Age)?

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People learned to plant seeds and grow food (farming). They also learned to tame animals.

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What was the impact of the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION?

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Before it, people were hunters and gatherers who were nomadic (had to move from place to place). After the NEOLITHIC, they could live in permanent farming villages.

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Around what geographic feature did the earliest civilizations develop? Why?

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River valleys.
River valleys had FERTILE SOIL.

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What were the 4 early river valley civilizations?

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Egypt- Nile River;
Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ("Fertile Crescent");
India- Indus River:
China- Huang He (Yellow River)

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What civilization had pyramids, was ruled by pharaohs, and used hieroglyphic writing?

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Ancient Egypt

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What was HAMMURABI'S CODE? (ancient Babylon in Mesopotamia)

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The first code of laws.

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How were the ancient HEBREWS different from the other peoples of their time time?

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The Hebrews (the early Jewish people) were MONOTHEISTIC- they believed in ONE God.

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What are monsoons?
And where are they important?

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They are seasonal winds that bring rain in the summer to India.

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INDIA:
The ancient Indus River valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro showed evidence of _______________________.

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urban planning

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INDIA/HINDUISM:
What was the CASTE SYSTEM?
Can a person move up in class? (Is there social mobility?)

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A rigid social class system. People were born into a certain class and could NOT move up. (NO social mobility) Only by having good karma could a person be reincarnated (reborn) into a higher caste.

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CHINA:
Because the geography of China kept it isolated (separate) from other cultures, they believed their culture was superior to other cultures. What is this belief called?

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Ethnocentrism

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CHINA:
The ruling families were called __________.
They believed their power to rule came from God and called it the _________________. It was similar to Europe's absolute monarchs' later belief in ______________.

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dynasties;
Mandate of Heaven;
Divine Right

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CHINA:
A major product was _______ and it was traded on the __________________.

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silk;
Silk Road

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INDIA:
What were two empres in India?
Which one was a Golden Age?

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Maurya Empire (leader: Asoka);
Gupta Empire was a Golden Age

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BUDDHISM:
What are some of its beliefs?

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4 Noble Truths; Eightfold Path;
They seek to end suffering by ending desire; They hope to reach Nirvana.

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What is CULTURAL DIFFUSION?

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CULTURAL DIFFUSION is the mixing of two or more cultures. Trade, warfare, and migration are important causes of it.

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CHINA:
The most important philosophy was CONFUCIANISM. What were some of his beliefs?

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Focus on relationships between people, like father/son, husband/wife; FILIAL PIETY is respect for elders; leaders should set a good example; education is important/civil service examinations

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Where were civil service examinations given to see who got government jobs?

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China (remember Confucius)

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What two dynasties were Golden Ages in China?

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TANG and SONG Dynasties

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Who conquered China and set up the Yuan Dynasty? (Hint: They came from north of China and were fierce cavalry warriors. They ruled a huge empire.)
Who were their leaders?

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The MONGOLS.
Mongol leaders were Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan

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Who was Zheng He?

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A Chinese sea trader and explorer.

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What country served as a "land bridge" over which ideas went from China to Japan?

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Korea

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What Asian country had a FEUDAL period similar to FEUDALISM in the Middle Ages in Europe?

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Japan
(Japan's samurai were like knights in Europe; Japan's code of bushido was like Europe's code of chivalry.)

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RELIGION: What religions (and where were they) have a great respect for spirits in nature?

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SHINTOISM- Japan; ANIMISM- Africa; TAOISM- China

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Describe Japan's geography.
What land with an ancient civilization had a similar geography?

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an achipelago- a chain of islands-it's mountainous;
Greece

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AFRICA:
In ancient times, the __________ _____________ was when people who needed more land spread out in Africa.

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BANTU MIGRATION

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AFRICA:
the West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai grew rich from the trans-Sahara trade of ____ for ____.
____________ was the major trading city.

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gold for salt; Timbuktu

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AFRICA:
Who was the Muslim leader of Mali who made the trip to Mecca?
What was this an example of?

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Mansa Musa; cultural diffusion

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THE AMERICAS: How did the first people get to the Americas?

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They crossed from Asia on the frozen land bridge, then spread out across the Americas.

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THE AMERICAS:
Give examples of how the AZTECS and INCAS adapted to their environments.

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AZTECS- floating gardens;
INCAS- terrace farming (in Andes Mountains)

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THE AMERICAS:
Maya, Aztec, and Inca were __________ civilizations before the Europeans arrived in the Americas.

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advanced

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What are three MONOTHEISTIC religions?

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Judaism;
Christianity; and
Islam

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ISLAM:
Prophet/founder?
Holy book?
God?
What are the duties of every Muslim called?

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Muhammad;
Quran (Koran);
Allah;
Five Pillars of Faith

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ISLAM
during its Golden Age, Islamic civilization is remembered for its achievements in ________ and __________.

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math and science

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ISLAM IN INDIA
What was the Islamic Empire in India?
What famous building is often shown as an example of cultural diffusion, the spread of Islam to India?

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Mughal Empire;
the Taj Mahal

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OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Who was its leader during its Golden Age?

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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GREECE:
Why did ancient Greek civilization develop as city-states?/Why did the city-states develop differently from each other?

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because the mountainous/many island geography divided the city-states from each other.

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GREECE:
What form of government began in the ancient Greek city-state of Athens?

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democracy (direct democracy)

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GREECE: Athens had its Golden Age under the leadership of __________.
Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato were Greek ________________.

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Pericles;
philosophers

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GREECE:
Who united the Greeks and conquered a large empire?
What was the new civilization called that blended Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures?
What was this an example of?

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Alexander the Great;
Hellenistic;
cultural diffusion

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ROME:
What are some things Rome is remembered for?

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Government- it was a republic;
law/legal system- 12 Tables;
engineering- built aqueducts, the Colisseum, system of roads

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ROME:
Like the Incas, Romans built a system of _______ to unite their empire.

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roads (old saying: "All roads lead to Rome.)

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ROME:
What was its Golden Age called?

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the Pax Romana

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ROME:
The Roman Empire divided itself int 2 parts: the Western part in Rome, and the Eastern part which became known as ____________.

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BYZANTIUM or the BYZANTINE EMPIRE

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE:
Contributions-
preserved _________ and _________ culture;
religion: changed from Roman Catholic to ___________ _________;built Hagia sofia church; Cyrillic writing; and had a
major influence on what country?

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preserved GREEK and ROMAN culture; religion became EASTERN ORTHODOX; major influence on RUSSIA

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What was the RESULT of the FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE?

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Since there was no longer a strong central government, Europe fell into a period- the Dark Ages- of chaos and disorder.

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DARK AGES:
______________ developed because there was no strong central government to prtect the people.

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FEUDALISM

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DARK AGES:
Define FEUDALISM.

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FEUDALISM is a system that developed in which there was an exchange of obligations; land was exchanged between lords and vassals for military service, loyalty, and other obligations. Serfs farmed the land.

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DARK AGES:
The economic system of feudalism was ____________.
There was very little trade because the __________ weere self-sufficient.

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MANORIALISM;
manors

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DARK AGES:
Although there was no strong central government, what institution provided stability, unity and order to European society in the Dark (Middle) Ages?

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the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

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CRUSADES:
What were they?

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A series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land.

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CRUSADES:
What was their effect?

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Europeans saw and wanted goods from the Middle East so it led to an increase in TRADE between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. (and cultural diffusion).

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In England, the MAGNA CARTA ___________ the power of the king.

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limited

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The __________ _________ was a disease spread by fleas on rats that wiped out much of Europe's population in the late Middle Ages. One of its results was that it helped lead to the end of ______________.

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Black Death;
feudalism

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In the late Middle Ages in Europe, the growth of trade afer the Crusades, the development of a middle class, guilds, and new business methods were part of the ______________ _______________.

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COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

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RENAISSANCE:
What was it?

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The RENAISSANCE was a period of "rebirth" of Greek and Roman learning, a Golden Age for arts and sciences after the Dark Ages.

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RENAISSANCE:
Where did it begin? Why there?

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the RENAISSANCE began it Italy because Italian merchants, wealthy from trade, had $$$ to support artists.

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RENAISSANCE:
The new way of thinking, _____________, focused on the value of the individual person. People focused on everyday (secular) life rather than on religion.

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HUMANISM

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What invention changed the way ideas were spread and led to more people learning how to read?
What period do we associate with daVinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare?

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the PRINTING PRESS by Gutenberg;
the RENAISSANCE

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PROTESTANT REFORMATION:
What was it?

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A period when people questioned practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It led to the formation of new branches of Christianity, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, the Anglican Church (in England), and other Protestant groups. The Roman Catholic Church lost power.

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PROTESTANT REFORMATION:
Who wrote "95 Theses"?
He was upset about the Catholic Church selling _____________.

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MARTIN LUTHER;
indulgences

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What was the COUNTER-REFORMATION?

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The COUNTER-REFORMATION was an attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to reform itself so that it could regain people and power it lost in the PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

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The RENAISSANCE, PROTESTANT REFORMATION, and SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION were similar in that they all involved people ______________ old, traditional ideas.

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questioning

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New technology such as the rudder, astrolabe, and caravel all contributed to the Age of ____________________.

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EXPLORATION

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AGE OF EXPLORATION:
What were Europeans looking for at the start of the period.

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A sea route to the spice islands of Southeast Asia.

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AGE OF EXPLORATION:
Spanish conquistadors soght _____, _____, and ______.

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God, gold, and glory

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AGE OF EXPLORATION:
Effects- What was the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

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the exchange of goods and ideas from continent-to-continent after Columbus (lots of cultural diffusion)

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AGE OF EXPLORATION:
What was mercantilism?

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The economic system in which the "mother country" tried to become rich by dominating trade with its colonies

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AGE OF EXPLORATION:
What was the ENCOMIENDA system?

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The sytem in Spain's colonies in the Americas in which they used Nartive Americans for forced labor on their plantations.

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What is CULTURAL DIFFUSION?

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the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one culture to another, frequently by trade, warfare, or migration