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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
catastrophism |
The concept that Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature.
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uniformitarism
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the idea that the physical, chemical, and biological laws operating today also operated in the geologic past
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what are the layers defined by physical properties?
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Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesophere, and Inner and Outer core
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what are the continental margins of the ocean basins?
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continental shelf, slope, and rise.
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what are the 3 types of deep ocean basins?
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abyssal plains, oceanic trenches, and seamounts
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what is the most prominent topographic feature of earth, that is composed of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted
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oceanic ridge system
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what type of rock forms by changing preexisting rocks. the driving force is heat and pressure. Examples include marble and gneiss
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metamorphic rocks
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The upper mantle can be divided into the asthenosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere based on what physical properties
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Asthenosphere- solid but mobile
Hydrosphere- liquid Atmosphere- gas Lithosphere- solid and rigid |
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A large cloud of space gas and dust condensed and contracted to form a rotating disk with a star formed at the center. Repeated collisions caused bodies to coalesce, leading to the current configuration of our solar system. What is this known as
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the nebular system |
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The enormous cloud of gas and dust initially condensed due to particle attraction. What force then pulled the cloud into a flat disk shape
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the inward inward force of gravity
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inference
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an attempt at explaining an occurence based on previous knowledge
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Continental Shelf
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gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope (the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean)
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What is convection
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a cycle of moving material formed by the rise of less-dense material and the sinking of denser material
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Why are volcanic chains associated with convergent boundaries
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Partial melting occurs due to subduction (Partial melting is triggered by water loss in the plate. This melts mantle material, which rises to the surface.)
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What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots
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volcanoes within tectonic plates
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How were scientists able to determine the date of the magnetic reversals during seafloor spreading
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Small marine fossils in deep-sea sediments give the age of the portions of the seafloor
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How is information about magnetic fields recorded in rocks
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Iron particles in magnetically susceptible minerals within basaltic lava align with the magnetic field of the Earth while the lava is still liquid and then freeze in position when the lava solidifies
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In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time
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A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity
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Minerals
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naturally occurring inorganic solids that possess an orderly internal structure and a well-defined chemical composition
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silicon oxygen tetrahedron
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is the SiO4 anionic group, or a silicon atom with four surrounding oxygen atoms arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron. This is a fundamental component of most silicates in the Earth's crust. (makes up a triangle shape)
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ion
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an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
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ferromagnesian silicates
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silicates with iron and/or magnesium in their structure. Most ferromagnesium minerals are dark-colored and more dense
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nonferromagnesian silicates
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silicates with less or no iron and/or magnesium in their structure. Most nonferromagnesium minerals are light-colored and less dense
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The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron contains
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one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms
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The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in silicate minerals depends on
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how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared in the mineral
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phaneritic
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coarse crystals (intrusive)
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aphanitic
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fine crystals (extrusive)
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name the four igneous rocks mineral compositions
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granitic (felsic), basalt (mafic), andesitic (intermediate), and ultramafic compositions
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sill
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a very thin and shallow intrusive body where fine grained rocks may form
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How do you find the number of neutrons in an element
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The mass number, which is the atomic weight of an element rounded up, is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. So you would subtract the number of neutrons from the atomic weight of an element
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The property of cleavage reflects
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mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral
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What causes a lack of cleavage or no cleavage in some minerals
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Bonds of equal strength in all directions
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mineral habit
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The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space
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Name the softest mineral on the Moh’s scale.
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talc |
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an atom is electrically what
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neutral (no electric charge)
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pyroclastic debris
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volcanic rock ejected during an eruption. Pyroclastics includes ash, bombs, cinders and blocks
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another word for intrusive igneous rocks
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plutonic igneous rocks
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extreme rapid cooling of lava can generate what texture
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A glassy texture (results when the ions are unordered, that is, have not formed an orderly crystalline structure)
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porphyritic texture
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An igneous rock texture characterized by two different crystal sizes. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts, the smaller crystals are called the groundmass
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phenocrysts
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A relatively large crystal embedded in a matrix of finer grained crystals
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laccolith
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medium sized intrusive body where coarse-grained rocks may form
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name the six igneous rock textures
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fine grained (aphanitic), course-grained (phaneritic), porphyritic, vesicular, pyroclastic, and glassy textures
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aphanitic
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fine crystals (extrusive)
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phaneritic
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coarse crystals (intrusive)
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Pegmatitic textures
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igneous rock with anomalously large crystals formed from the cooling of a wet magma
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all rocks are classified according to |
texture and composition
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name the 3 types of magma |
Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic (felsic) magma |
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rhyolitic magma flows slow or fast
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slow |
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lahar
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a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano
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pahoehoe
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A lava flow with a smooth to ropy texture (forms from basaltic magma flows)
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What is the term used to describe increased temperature with depth in the Earth
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Geothermal gradient
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rift valley
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a canyonlike structure in the middle of the divergent boundaries
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name the four types of pyroclastic material
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Ash, blocks, bombs, and lapilli
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what type of lava would you expect to find the greatest production of pyroclastic material
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rhyolitic lava (As the silica content of lava increases, the amount of pyroclastic material produced in the eruption also increases)
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caldera
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a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.
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seamounts
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underwater mountains that rise hundreds or thousands of feet from the seafloor. They are generally extinct volcanoes that, while active, created piles of lava that sometimes break the ocean surface
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fracture zones
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inactive extensions of transform faults (record of past directions of plate motion)
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what is tenacity and name three types
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the minerals toughness or its resistance to breaking or deforming.brittle, malleable, and elastic tenacity
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list 3 magma components
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liquid, solid, and a gaseous components
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what 3 factors influence the textures of igneous rocks
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the rate at which molten rock cools, the amount of silica present, and the amount of dissolved gases in the magma
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assimilation
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when the magma from the magma chamber melts the surrounding mantle rock and mixes within the magma chamber
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