Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Canada's Population Density
|
4 people per square km
|
|
What are CMA's (Census Metropolitan Areas)?
|
An urban area in Canada with a population of more than 100,000
|
|
The Province with the most CMA's
|
Ontario because it is close to the borders, great lakes, has good soil and climate, etc.
|
|
3 main settlement patterns and regions they are associated with
|
Dispersed - Prairies Concentrated - Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands Linear - Quebec |
|
Continuous and Discontinuous Ecumene
|
Continuous ecumene - part of the country where there is continuous permanent settlement Discontinuous ecumene - part of the country where there are significant patches of settlement |
|
Is the population of rural areas increasing or decreasing?
|
Decreasing because more people are moving to cities because there are more job opportunities.
|
|
Part of Canada most likely to experience an earthquake and why?
|
Coastal BC because the North American Plate and the Juan de Fuca plate are converging and the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting underneath the North American plate, they are locked and if they slip a massive earthquake will occur.
|
|
Convergent, Divergent and Transform boundaries
|
Convergent - Plates moving toward each other, continental meets continental (mountains), continental meets oceanic (oceanic subducts). Divergent - Plates moving apart from each other, usually happens along the mid-ocean ridge. Transform - Plates moving in roughly parallel but opposite directions, earthquakes. |
|
Tectonic plate Canada is located on
|
North American Plate. |
|
What formed the mid-Atlantic ridge?
|
Divergent plate boundary, plates moved apart and formed a ridge.
|
|
What formed the Rockies?
|
The Pacific and North American Plate collided.
|
|
How igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are formed?
|
Igneous - when magma or lava cools Sedimentary - after years of compaction and cementation of sediments Metamorphic - changed version of igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks. From heat and pressure at convergent plate boundary |
|
Why the Canadian Shield is not good for farming
|
The Canadian shield has poor rocky soils.
|
|
Landform region where most Canadians live
|
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands (GLSLL) |
|
Landform region where Rockies are found
|
Western Cordillera (WC) |
|
Canada's oldest and most eroded mountains
|
Appalachians |
|
Landform region that contains oil, natural gas, and potash
|
Interior Plains (IP) |
|
Canada's most remote highland region
|
Innuitian Mountains (IM) |
|
Effect of latitude on average annual temp. (AAT)
|
The farther you are from the equator, the colder it is (less direct sunlight).
|
|
Effect of ocean currents on air masses
|
Air masses and winds travelling over ocean currents are warmed or cooled depending on the temp. of the ocean current.
|
|
The rate at which temperature decreases as you go up a mountain
|
Without condensation - 1 degree Celsius per 100m of elevation change* With condensation - 0.6 degrees Celsius per 100m of elevation change. |
|
Direction of prevailing winds in Canada
|
West to East (Westerlies)
|
|
Continental vs. Maritime climates
|
Continental - Climate of areas far from an ocean (high AAT and low PPT). Maritime - Climate of areas near an ocean (small ATR and high PPT). |
|
Climate region with coldest AAT
|
Arctic.
|
|
Climate region with warmest AAT and the smallest ATR
|
Pacific Maritime. |
|
What the red line represents on a climograph
|
Temperature.
|
|
Calcified vs. Leached soils
|
Calcified - Dry-climate soils, moisture and nutrients brought up. Leached - Wet-climate soils, moisture and nutrients brought down. |
|
Coniferous vs. Deciduous trees
|
Coniferous - Have needles, softwood. Deciduous - Have leaves, hardwood. |
|
Vegetation known as temperature rainforest
|
West Coast Forest.
|
|
Transition zone between boreal forest and tall grasses
|
Parkland.
|
|
Forest region that has been cleared for farming and urban growth
|
Mixed Forest. (Cleared)
|
|
Wide transition zone between boreal and deciduous forests
|
Mixed Forest. (Zone)
|
|
Largest vegetation region in Canada
|
Boreal Forest (and Taiga).
|
|
Where vegetation grows close to the ground
|
Tundra.
|
|
Landform region, vegetation region, climate region, and soil type we live in
|
Landform - Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands Vegetation - Southeastern Climate - Mixed Forest Soil - Wet-Climate. |
|
Total Stock
|
All parts of the natural environment taken together.
|
|
Resouce
|
Anything that humans find useful, and can be used to produce goods and services.
|
|
Natural Resource
|
Things found in the total stock that people find useful.
|
|
Production of energy by type
|
Oil - 46.2% Natural Gas - 31.7% Coal - 8.8% Hydro - 8.1% Flow and other Resources - 3.3% Nuclear - 1.9% |
|
Renewable resources
|
Resources that can be regenerated if used carefully (fish, forestry, farming).
|
|
Non-renewable resources
|
Resources that are limited and cannot be regenerated when used up (fossil fuels, minerals).
|
|
Flow resources
|
Resources that come from natural actions, they must be used when and where they occur (wind, sunlight, water currents). They can't be damaged by human activity.
|
|
Other resources
|
Resources that do not fit into the other three categories (Northern Lights, Niagara Falls, Rocky Mountains), attract tourists.
|
|
None of the 3Rs, recycling, reusing, reducing
|
None of the 3Rs - Item is taken to landfill or burned in an incinerator Recycling - Item is destroyed when you don't want it but material is saved for reuse Reusing - Item is used by someone else when you don't want it Reducing - The item is not purchased or produced at all. |
|
Rethinking our use of resources
|
Rethinking by individuals - use reusable cups, etc. Rethinking by companies - Rethinking by governments - |
|
Conservation
|
The wise use of resources.
|
|
Mining the resource
|
Exploiting a renewable resource in an unsustainable way.
|
|
Sustained yield management
|
The process of managing renewable resources to ensure that the amount harvested does not cause long-term depletion of the resource.
|
|
Growing degree days (GDD's)
|
A measure of how warm the growing season is in a location.
|
|
Intensive farming vs. extensive farming
|
Intensive - small areas of land, large labour force, near urban areas (dairy for nearby). Extensive - large areas of land, small labour force, (wheat and cooking oil for export). |
|
Groundfish, pelagic fish, and shellfish
|
Groundfish - fish that feed and are caught near the ocean ground. Pelagic fish - fish that feed and are caught near the surface. Shellfish - fish that have no backbone but hard shells. |
|
Inshore fishing vs. offshore fishing
|
Inshore - 16-25km, family run, depend on government support, more labour, less catch. Offshore - Past continental shelf, company run, more stable, less labour, more catch. |
|
Continental shelf
|
Part of the ocean next to continents that is less than 200m deep.
|
|
Banks
|
Shallow parts of the continental shelf good for fishing
|
|
200 nautical mile limit
|
Foreign cod catch went down while Canadian cod catch went up.
|
|
Algonquin Park
|
Unofficial border between southern and northern Ontario. Economic benefit to Ontario, in early 1890's it was clear that it could be devastated by too much logging. Provides jobs seasonally in park and 12 saw mills outside and large tourism industry in park and nearby communities.
|
|
R/P ratio
|
The number of years that the reserves of a non-renewable resource
|
|
Formation of fossil fuels
|
Fossil fuels are formed from remains of plants and animals, compaction and cementation of sediments on top.
|
|
Energy demand in Canada and demand vs. price relationship
|
As price went up, demand not as high.
|
|
Contribution of fracking to our energy supply
|
Fracking is a variety of techniques used to break shale layers in order to release natural gas and/or oils that have been trapped. It has become common over the years because it is a new and important contributor for expanding our energy supply.
|
|
Bioenergy
|
Energy from burning biomass (wood products, plants, etc.) or biogas (gas produces in landfills)
|
|
Metallic minerals vs. non-metallic minerals
|
Metallic minerals - change form when melted (igneous and metamorphic) Non-metallic minerals - don't change when melted (sedimentary) |
|
Mineral reserves
|
A mineral deposit that can be mined profitably.
|
|
Mining methods
|
Strip mining - Cheapest method, most destructive, used to mine minerals near the surface. Open-pit mining - Second cheapest, used to mine minerals near the surface and extending down. Underground mining - Most expensive, used to extract ores deep underground (1000m-3000m deep). |
|
Impact of glaciation on diamond mining
|
Makes it difficult to find indicator minerals (minerals found in same rock as rarer diamonds).
|
|
Profitability of diamond mining, supplying diamond mines, and the SEMA (Social Economic Monitoring Agreement)
|
0.2g per 100 tonnes (1 carat). Difficult and expensive to supply. SEMA is an agreement to benefit First Nations in diamond mining
|
|
Period when there were more births than deaths
|
1861-1901?
|
|
The year more people came to Canada than left Canada
|
1913
|
|
The main reason Canada's population is growing
|
Immigration
|
|
The century in which immigration became significant
|
20th century
|
|
The period since natural increase rate has been decreasing
|
1961-1971
|
|
Canada's total population increase per day
|
923 people.
|
|
What matters the most when studying population?
|
Rates.
|
|
How to calculate birth rate
|
Number of births / by population x 1000.
|
|
Natural increase rate
|
Birth rate - death rate
|
|
What a negative natural increase rate means
|
More deaths than births
|
|
What a positive net migration rate means
|
More immigration than emigration.
|
|
How to calculate population growth rate
|
Natural increase rate + Net migration rate
|
|
Doubling time
|
How long it takes to double a country's population, calculate with "rule of 70".
|
|
Rule of 70
|
70 / Population growth rate.
|
|
Power of compounding
|
Netgrowth occurring on growth that has taken place.
|
|
Projected growth of Canada's population
|
Growing steadily.
|
|
% of Canadians that are immigrants or descendants of immigrants
|
97%.
|
|
Push and pull factors
|
Push - Something that drives someone to leave their current country (war, poor environmental conditions, desperate economic conditions, Irish potato fail in 1840). Pull - Something that makes a country seem attractive to potential immigrants (good educational and economical opportunities, relatives, friends, free land in prairies from 1896-1913). |
|
What makes it difficult to immigrate
|
Interviewing obstacles, can't process, leaving family, don't qualify. |
|
Illegal immigrants
|
Can't qualify, don't want to wait.
|
|
Year Canada had the most immigrants
|
1913.
|
|
When Canada gave free land in the Prairies
|
1896-1913.
|
|
Becoming an immigrant
|
Difficult, most Canadians wouldn't qualify, tough standards.
|
|
Two broad categories of immigrants
|
Economic, and social humanitarian.
|
|
Provinces where most immigrants settle
|
Ontario, BC.
|
|
Why immigrants settle in cities
|
Job opportunities, family, friends, support systems.
|
|
Internal migration
|
Interprovincial and intraprovincial migration.
|
|
Interprovincial migration
|
Moving from one province to another, low employment to high employment.
|
|
Provinces that gained the most from interprovincial migration
|
1. Alberta, 2. Ontario, 3. BC.
|