Geo 308 Final

Front 1

Key provisions of the Montreal Protocol include

Back 1

a dual standard for developed and developing countries that allow developing countries more time to produce CFCs and other ozone-destroying substances

restrictions on the production of ozone-destroying substances and a schedule to phase out their use

economic assistance from the developed countries to help developing countries find alternatives to CFCs and their ozone0destroying substances

Front 2

The ozone hole is characterized by

Back 2

the total loss of ozone between about 14 and 20 km altitude

Front 3

The sudden appearance of the ozone hole over Antarctica at the polar sunrise because

Back 3

light is required to split molecular chlorine into atomic chlorine

Front 4

Nitrogen oxides

Back 4

are involved in the production of photochemical smog
emitted primarily from mobile sources
converted to nitric acid droplets in the atmosphere

Front 5

a layer of rich ozone air is found in the stratosphere because

Back 5

the competing reactions of ozone formation and destruction favor ozone formation in the stratosphere

Front 6

The ozone hole is best developed over Antarctica because

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a strong, cold polar vortex isolates the air over Antarctica and supports the development of polar stratospheric clouds

Front 7

an inversion originates from

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cold air trapped beneath warm air

Front 8

sulfur dioxide is

Back 8

a primary pollutant

Front 9

Uncertainty over how much additional warming will occur due to fossil due is a result of

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uncertainty over what the future CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use will be and hence how much CO2 will increase in the atmosphere

Front 10

Large and explosive volcanic eruptions such as Pinatubo (1991) affect climate by

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increasing the albedo of the atmosphere due to sulfur particles

Front 11

Which processes operate on timescales too long to explain the observed changes in climate over the last 100-150 years

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Milankovitch cycles
changes in ice sheet stability and THC
changes in atmospheric CO2 due to geological processes in the carbon cycle

Front 12

How does the (-) phase of the PDO affect the climate of the PNW?

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Winters are cooler and wetter
SST along the West Coast are cooler

Front 13

During a La Nina winter what is expected?

Back 13

cooler and Wetter winter than normal in PNW

Front 14

Climate models can be used to

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investigate the importance of different forcings in explaining past changes in temperature

predict future temperature changes due to GHG emissions

Front 15

Possible drivers of climate change on millennial timescales (1000-3000) years include

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ocean circulation changes
changes in ice sheet dynamics and meltwater release

Front 16

Examples of the impacts of climate change on people include

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abandonment of norse settlements in greenland as the MWP ended
migration of ancestral Puebloan people form the Four Corners region to the Rio Grande Valley during an extended drought in the SW US
Over-appropriation of the CO river watershed by assuming wetter than normal conditions in the 1920s as the average conditions

Front 17

The principal line of evidence that the Younger Dryas affected an area larger than just Greenland where it is clearly evident in ice cores, is

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a decrease in methane concentrations

Front 18

The 8200 cold event has been linked to

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drainage of the last meltwater lake dammed by the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Front 19

The Neoglacial period refers to

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rejuvenation and expansion of glaciers in the late Holocene

Front 20

The large ice sheets of Greenland, Antarctica are being affected by global warming as shown by observations of

Back 20

increased extent of summer melting
breakup of floating ice shelves
retreat of calving fronts

Front 21

The early Holocine "climate optimum" was

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warmer in the NH mid-latitudes
Wetter in the NH subtropics

Front 22

the GISP2 core shows that millennial scale cold events are also

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dry (higher dust) and windy (higher salt)

Front 23

Holocene climate can be characterized by

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a slight decreasing temperature trend driven by orbital variations, specifically a decrease in NH summe radiation
Climate change events that were smaller in amplitude than those of the Pleistocene, but still affected peoples and societies

Front 24

The mid-Pleistocene transition refers to

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a change in the length of glacial cycles
a change from obliquity dominated to eccentricity dominated glacial cycles

Front 25

The current interglacial (the Holocene) differs from the previous 3 interglacials in what ways?

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Holocene is longer
Holocene lacks a sharp and early peak in GHG concentrations

Front 26

Climate during the Pleistocene was characterized by

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cyclic expansion and retreat of ice sheets, particularly in the NH
alternating periods when the climate was colder than today (glacials) and as warm or warmer than today (interglacials)

Front 27

Small variations in solar radiation due to the Milankovitch cycles are amplified by

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Cchanges in albedo due to the expansion and retreat of ice sheets
changes in GHG concentrations on glacial-interglacial timescales

Front 28

Confirmation of the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages came from

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changes in global ice volume recorded in marine sediments with the same timescales as the orbital cycles

Front 29

Changes in atmospheric CO2 on Milankovitch timescales are mostly (90%) the result of

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changes in biological uptake and ocean productivity due to iron fertilization by dust

Front 30

Changes in oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios measured in ice cores record primarily

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changes in air temperature

Front 31

If the Earth's axial tilt were to DECREASE by 3 degrees

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seasonal temperature would become LESS extreme

Front 32

The reappearance of BIF during Snowball Earth episodes is explained by

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oceans becoming anoxic due to thick ice cover, allowing iron to be present in its soluble, reduced form
re-oxygenation of the oceans when ice cover melted caused iron to be precipitated from seawater

Front 33

a disproportionate amount of sediment produced by chemical weathering enters the ocean through rivers draining the

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Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau

Front 34

The key tectonic event responsible for an increase in CO2 removal from the atmosphere and a cooling of middle and late Cenozoic climate was

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collision of India with Asia

Front 35

The Cretaceous period was characterized by a warmer climate than today because

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CO2 supply was enhanced by a high rate of seafloor spreading

Front 36

A large ice cap covered the Southern continents during the Pennsylvanian period because

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both carbon sequestration in coal swamps and the tectonic collision forming the Appalachian mountains

Front 37

Late Precambrian Snowball Earth glaciation differs from the Pleistocene Ice Age glaciations in that

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Pleistocene ice sheets did not extend into tropical latitudes, while Snowball Earth sheets reached all the way to the equator

Front 38

Glacial erosion and sediment is easily recognized in the geologic record because

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sediments deposited by glaciers contain a wide range of rock sizes
bedrock surfaces eroded by glaciers are polished and striated

Front 39

Why does mountain building increase the rate of rock weathering?

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steep slopes quickly shed weathering produces, exposing fresh material
mountain slopes are subject to rapid physical weathering and mechanical erosion
orographic effect of mountain ranges concentrates precipitation

Front 40

Rank the reservoirs of the global carbon cycle in order from LARGEST to smallest

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sedimentary rocks
deep ocean
soils
atmosphere

Front 41

What best describes the Permian period?

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drying of global climate and dominance of reptiles.

Front 42

Free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere

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once iron had been oxidized and deposited as BIFs

Front 43

The cooling and drying of Cenozoic climate led to the evolution of what major plant group?

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Grasses

Front 44

Limitations of cells that use anaerobic metabolism include

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large surface area to volume ratio
incomplete breakdown of food molecules to alcohol
lack of energy to build and maintain cellular organelles

Front 45

Which feedbacks are considered positive feedbacks?

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Ice-albedo
Water-vapor

Front 46

Place the time scales of climate change in order from LONGEST to shortest

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tectonic, orbital, millenial

Front 47

The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods (called the Carboniferous Period in Europe) are characterized by the

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dominance of amphibians on land
deposition of coal in vast swamps
increase in atmospheric oxygen concentrations

Front 48

The earliest evidence for life on Earth comes from

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light carbon isotope ratios - enriched in C-12

Front 49

What characteristic distinguishes the Protista from other kingdoms?

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protista are the only kingdom of single celled organisms that have a cell nucleus

Front 50

Characteristics of arthropods that made them well suited to life on land include

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ability to conserve water
structural support for their bodies