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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Purines
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A & G - larger
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Pyrimidines
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C & T - smaller
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Replication
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1. DNA unwinds
2. Leading strand is continuously synthesized 5' --> 3' 3. Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in 5' --> 3' direction. The short segments formed are Okazaki fragments. 4. DNA polymerase synthesizes the strands. |
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Transcription
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DNA is translated into mRNA. It leaves the nucleaus to the cytoplams.
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Translation
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mRNA codons are translated into a sequence of amino acids which form proteins.
tRNA brings the amino acid to the ribosomes in the correct sequence. Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, a small and a large. There are three binding sites: P, A, and E. A - incoming amino acid P - growing peptide chain E - tRNA is released |
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Nondisjunction
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Failure of homologous chrom to seperate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to seperate during meiosis II.
Causes 3 copies of a chromosome (trisomy) or 1 copy (monosomy). |
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Down's syndrome
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Trisomy on chrom. 21
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Transformation
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(bacterial genetic variance)
Plasmid is incorporated into the chrom. through recombination. |
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Conjugation
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(bacterial genetic variance)
The transfer of genetic material between two bacteria. F+ cells join with F- cells to make them F+ as well. They trnasfer the F factor to the F- cells. Hfr cells are those cells where the sex factor has become integrated into the genome. |
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Transduction
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Parts of bacterial chrom. are packaged into a phage, and when they infect other bacteria, they introduce the new genetic information.
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Gene regulation
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-lets proks control their metabolism
-Includes structural genes, operator gene, and promoter gene. |
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Operator gene
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this is the repressor binding site
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Promoter gene
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this is the binding site for RNA polymerase
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Regulator gene
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codes for the repressor molecule, which binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing
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Inducible systems
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-require the presence of a substance (the inducer) for transcription to occur.
-repressor binds to operator when there is no INDUCER around. -inducer binds to the repressor, and thus it cannot bind to operon and transcription occurs. -When substrate is present, enzymes are transcribed. |
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Repressible systems
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-Repressor is inactive until it combines with corepressor.
-Then, it binds to operator and transcription does not occur. -Corepressors are often the end products. |