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23 Cards in this Set
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
List 5 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
1. Organization of genetic material
2. Organelles 3. Ribosomes 4. Cell Division 5. Size of cells |
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Organization of genetic material) |
Eukaryotes have a nucleus--prokaryotes don't; eukaryotic chromosomes are linear (& will have more than 1)--prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Organelles) |
specialized compartments found only in eukaryotes that carry out specific functions within the cell. This allows the cell to be more efficient.
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Ribosomes) |
(Protein-making machine)
Huge complexes of proteins and ribosomal RNA that synthesize proteins. Prokaryotic ribosome = 70S (50S + 30S) Eukaryotic ribosome = 80S (60S + 40S) |
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Cell Division) |
Eukaryotes-cell replication through mitosis
Prokaryotes-cell division by binary fission (simpler process) |
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Cell Size) |
MOST of the time eukaryotic cells will be larger.
Prokaryotic-0.2-2um x 2-8um Eukaryotic-10-30um (micrometers) |
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lipopolysaccharide
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a molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming an outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls
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isotonic solution
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no net movement of water
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hypotonic solution
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water moves into cell & may cause it to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)
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hypertonic solution
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water moves out of the cell, causing cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)
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What are four possible positions for bacterial flagella?
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1. Monotrichous--1
2. Amphitrichous--2 (one on each end) 3. Lophotrichous-1 or more on either end 4. Peritrichous--Many all over cell |
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Endospores
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characteristic of Bacillus & Clostridium
-resting cells that are resistant to desiccation, heat, & chemicals thus can survive a very long time |
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Mitochondrion structure
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1. Matrix
2. Cristae 3. Inner membrane 4. Outer membrane |
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Mitochondrion characteristics
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-"Powerhouse of the cell"--ATP production
-membranes are lipid bilayers -enzymes involved in cellular respiration -have their own DNA, RNA, protein -circular chromosome (70S ribosomes) reminiscent of a prokaryotic cell |
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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(eukaryotic cell structure)
smooth ER (SER) & rough ER (RER) functions: 1. phospholipid synthesis & fatty acid metabolism 2. provides extra ingredients to proteins depending on role/function |
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Golgi Complex
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(eukaryotic cell structure)
-involved in protein modification and sorting-->tells proteins where they are supposed to go |
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lysosomes
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eukaryotic cell structure
-membrane-bound organelles -they digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria |
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vacuoles
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eukaryotic cell structure
-found in plant & yeast cells (not all eukaryotic cells) -storage of food/wastes/water (huge portion of the cell volume) -uptake of water (important for turgor pressure-leaf/stem rigidity |
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chloroplast
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eukaryotic cell structure
structure--stacks of membrane disks (thylakoids); circular chromosome (70S ribosomes & independent replication) function--light reactions of photosynthesis occur in thylakoid membranes; light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma |
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What are 2 eukaryotic structures thought to have originated by the endosymbiotic theory?
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1. Chloroplast
2. Mitochondrion |
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Gram-positive cell wall characteristics
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-contains teichoic acids
a. lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane b. wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan -has thicker peptidoglycan -polysaccharides provide antigenic variation |
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Gram-negative cell wall characteristics
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-contains lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
-provides protection from phagocytes, complement, & antibiotics -barrier to certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) & other antibacterial agents -thinner peptidoglycan than gram-positive cell walls |
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What are all possible shapes for bacteria and which cellular structure is responsible for its shape?
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1. cocci-sphere
2. bacillus-rod 3. spiral 4. coccobacillus 5. Stella (star-shaped) 6. Haloarcula (square) Cell wall is responsible for shape. |