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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 kinds classification of Fuels |
1. Solid fuels - coal, coke, wood, charcoal,bagasse, coconut shells, rice husks and briquetted fuels 2. Liquid fuels-crude petroleum, kerosone, diesel, bunker 3. Gaseous fuels- natural gas, artificial gas, blast furnace gas, LPG 4. Atomic fuels - natural uranium, thorium and plotunium |
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2 analysis of composition |
1. Proximate Analysis - is an analysis of the composition of fuel which gives , on mass basis, the relative amounts of moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash. 2. Ultimate Analysis - is an analysis of the composition of fuel which gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur ash and moisture. |
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2 specific gravity formula |
S.G.(fluid) = rho(fluid) / rho(water) S.G.(gas) = rho(gas) / rho(air) |
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API and Baume gravity units FORMULA |
°API = (141.5/S.G. @15.6°C) - 131.5 °Baume = (140/ S.G. @15.6°C) - 130 |
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Specific Gravity at Temperature (t): formula |
S.G.sub(t) = (S.G.@ 15.6) ( Correction Factor) where CF = 1-0.00072 ( T - 15.6) in C° CF = 1-0.0004( T-60) in F° |
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Heating Value or Calorific Value description |
HHV or gross calorific value - is the heating value obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the liquid state. LHV or Net calorific value - is the heating value obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the vapor state. |
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Dulongs Formula |
Qh = 33,820 C + 144,212 (H-(O/8)) + 9,304 S , kJ/kg |
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ASME formula for petroleum products: |
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 (°API) , kJ/kg |
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Bureau of Standards Formula: |
Qh = 51,716 - 8793.8 (SG)^2, kJ/kg |
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LHV of solid fuels: |
QL = Qh - 9H(sub2) x 2442 , kJ/kg where: H2 = 26 - 15 S>G. ( in%) |
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Definition of theoretical weight of air: |
The theoretical weight of air is the exact theoretical amount as determined from the combustion reaction of air needed to burn a unit amount of fuel. |
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Theoretical weight of air formula if ultimate analysis of coal is available: |
(A/F)subt = Wsub"ta" = 11.5 C + 34.5 (H- (O/8) +4.3 S , kg(air) / kg (fuel) where: Wta = ideal proportions of air to completely burn the fuel. |
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if the ultimate analysis of coal is not available, formula |
(A/F)t = Wsub"ta" = Qh(kj/kg) / 3117 , kg(air) / kg(fuel). (A/F)t = Wsub"ta" = Qh(kcal/kg) / 745 , kg(air) / kg(fuel). (A/F)t = Wsub"ta" = Qh(Btu/lb) / 1340 , kg(air) / kg(fuel). |
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Formula 0f actual weight of air:
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(A/F)a = Waa = (1/32.72) [ (CxN2) / CO2 + CO]
(A/F) = Waa = Wta[ 1 + (%excess air / 100) ] , kg(air) / kg(fuel) |
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What is Orsat Apparatus |
Gaseous products of combustion are analyzed using gas analyzer |
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The result of the analysis of dry flue gas by volume can be expressed by the equation: |
CO2 + CO + O2 + N2 = 100% |
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Formula of the weight of gasesous products liberated during combustion of fuel with air: |
Wfg = Wa + Wf , kg/hr |
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The weight of dry flue gas formed per kg of fuel burned: formula |
Wdg = Waa +1 -(SO2 +H2O + Ashloss ) Where: SO2 = (2x%S) / 100 H20 = (9×%H) /100 |
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Percent excess air: formula |
% Excess = (Waa -Wta) / Wta |
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The chemical formula of hydrocarbons is: |
CnHm (n & m is subscript) |
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Formula of chemical formula: |
Fuel + Air = products of combustion |
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Formula of higher hearting value in BTU/lb |
Qh = 13500C + 60890 H |
