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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Can’t fully appreciate the profession without knowing of the origin
Allows to see progress made & observe trends over time Provides an appreciation of the struggles & obstacles faced by pioneers of the profession Learn useful lessons from the past about successful strategies |
Why study history
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Learned from observation, trial, and error
Knowledge transformed rules or taboos for a society Knowledge passed from one generation to the next Disease and death were puzzling; caused by magic or malevolent spirits To prevent disease and death sacrifices were made,and charms, spells and chants were used |
Early Humans
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Evidence of community health found in earliest of civilizations
India; 4,000 years ago signs of sanitation Oldest health-related documents Smith Papyri (1600 B.C.) – surgical techniques Code of Hammurabi – laws pertaining to health practices (physician fees) |
Early Efforts at Community Health
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Primitive medicine due in part priest-physicians
Known for personal cleanliness |
Egyptians (3000-1500 B.C.)
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Extended the Egyptian hygienic code
Formulated probably the world’s first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus |
Hebrews (around 1500 B.C.)
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1st to put emphasis on disease prevention
Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology) Asclepius – god of medicine Hygeia – power to prevent disease; more prominent Panacea – ability to treat disease Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Atomic theory the first epidemiologist and father of medicine |
Greeks (1000-400 B.C.)
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1st to put emphasis on disease prevention
Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology) Asclepius – god of medicine Hygeia – power to prevent disease; more prominent Panacea – ability to treat disease Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Atomic theory the first epidemiologist and father of medicine |
Greeks (1000-400 B.C.
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Political and social unrest; many health advances lost
Overcrowding, sewage removal, lack of fresh water problems Christianity was born; personal hygiene not practiced; body became important Great epidemics, i.e., leprosy & bubonic (black) plague Many theories for disease; many superstitions Education about health continued to exist |
Middle or Dark Ages (500 B.C.- A.D. 1500)
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Science reemerged as legitimate field & replaced superstition; progress was slow
Still much disease & plague; medical care rudimentary Barber–surgeons; bloodletting English royalty lived better; hygiene in all was lacking Invention of printing press; microscope discovered; epidemiology studied 16th century in Italy; public health boards instituted to fight plague |
Renaissance (rebirth) (A.D. 1500 – 1700)
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Period of revolution, industrialization, & growth in cities
Disease & epidemics still frequent Miasmas theory - disease from vapors James Lind, discovered scurvy; Edward Jenner discovered vaccine for smallpox Progress was made, but medical knowledge still rudimentary & health education still not a profession |
Age of Enlightenment (1700s)
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First half of 1800s little progress & much disease
1842, Chadwick’s Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain 1849, Snow removes pump handle in London 1862, Pasteur proposes germ theory 1876, Koch aligned specific microbes with specific diseases 1875-1900, bacteriological period of public health |
The 1800s
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Health conditions similar to Europe; deplorable; sanitation poor; much disease
Many immigrants, cities growing, overcrowding Quarantine & environmental regulations used 1789, first life expectancy tables created 1790s, some cities formed local health boards 1798, Marine Hospital Service Act |
1700s
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- Little progress, still much disease
- Industrial Revolution brought more people to cities - Epidemics were common; life expectancy dropped |
1800-1850
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- Public health reform slow to get started
- 1850, Shattuck’s Report of Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts - 1872, APHA founded - By 1900, 38 states had formed boards of health; county boards were developing too - Marine Hospital service developed into U.S. Public Health Service - 1879, National Board of Health created |
1850-1900
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- Reform phase of public health
- Many social problems - First voluntary health agencies formed * 1902, National Assoc. for Study & Prevention of TB * 1913, American Cancer Society - 1912, Marine Hospital Service becomes U.S. Public Health Service - 1918–1919, influenza outbreak |
1900-1920
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Relatively quiet period in public health
Need for health education existed |
1920's
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- Emphasis on treatment over prevention
- 1929, Great Depression - 1930, Hygienic Laboratory converted to the National Institute of Health (now called National Institutes of Health) (NIH) - 1933, the New Deal of Roosevelt - Social Security Act of 1935 beginning of federal government’s involvement in social issues - 1946, Communicable Disease Center was established (now called Centers for Disease Control & Prevention) (CDC) - 1946, National Hospital Survey & Construction Act; also known as Hill-Burton Act; distribution & quality of hospitals |
1930's & 1940's
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1954, Derryberry indicated problem of greatest significance was chronic disease (this was a switch from communicable diseases); also planted the seed for health educators to play a greater role in prevention
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1950s & 1960s
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Medicare; health insurance for the elderly
Medicaid; health insurance for the poor |
1965, amendments to Social Security Act of 1935
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- 1974, Canadian report A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians; importance of lifestyle & environmental factors to health
1974 to present, Health Promotion Era of Public Health 1979, Healthy People published; importance of lifestyle 1980, Promoting Health/ Preventing Disease: Objectives of the Nation; 1st set of objectives 1990, Healthy People 2000, National Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Objectives 1997, Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approved a new, distinct classification for health educator |
1970s, 1980s, & 1990s
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2000, Healthy People 2010
- Is the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention agenda - A roadmap to improve health using a 10 year plan - Comprised of three parts * Part I – History, Determinants of health model, How to use a systematic approach, Leading Health Indicators (LHI) * Part II – Two goals (Increase quality and years of healthy life, Eliminate health disparities), & 467 objectives in 28 focus areas * Part III –Tracking of progress 2006, Healthy People 2010, Midcourse Review * Could assess progress of 281 of the objectives National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP) |
2000s
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- Vaccination
- Motor Vehicle Safety - Safer Workplaces - Control of Infectios Disease - Decline in deaths form coronary (heart disease and stroke) - Safer and healthier foods - Healthier mothers and babies - Family Planning - Fluoridation of drinking water - Recogintion of tobacco use as a health hazard |
The Ten Great Health Public Health Acheivments
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Old Deluder” law passed in Massachusetts
Early education practices came from England; school year was short |
1647
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Horace Mann, Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, called for mandatory programs of hygiene
mid-1800s, most schools tax supported & attendance required |
1837
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Lemuel Shattuck’s report called for teaching of physiology
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1850
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all states passed law requiring teaching on evils of alcohol, narcotics, & tobacco because of pressure from Women’s Christian Temperance Union
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1880–1890
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Health education characterized by inconsistency & awkward progress
1915, National TB Association introduced “Modern Health Crusade” Sally Jean Lucas, active leader in Child Health Organization of America, was responsible for changing name from hygiene education to health education WWI, 29% of men rejected for service on physical grounds; helped show need for school health |
1910-1920
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Profession was moving forward
A number of school health demonstration projects; showed habits could be changed & health improved 1927, American Association of School Physicians founded; later (1938) becomes American School Health Association A number of other professional organizations include school health in their title or mission WWII, 50% of men rejected for service |
1920s, 1930s, & 1940s
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Demonstration projects completed; positive results
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1950's
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School Health Education Study (SHES) directed by Dr. Elena Sliepcevich
- Phase 1, Surveys of students & administrators; results were appalling - Phase 2, Health curriculum; 10 conceptual areas |
1964
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Office of Comprehensive School Health established in USDE
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1978
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- Health Education
- Physical Education - Health services - Nutrition Services - Psycological and Social services - Healthy school environment - Health promotion for staff - Family/Community Involvment |
Eight (8) elements or Coordinated School Health Program
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_________ still hold great promise for health education efforts
54 million K-12 students 121,000 schools |
Today Schools
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Schools still hold great promise for health education efforts
- 54 million K-12 students - 121,000 schools |
CDC’s six critical behaviors
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