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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the state of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1947)
is a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interaction with and adaptations to his or her environment” (McKenzie et al., 2008, p. 6) |
Health
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the health status of a defined group of people and the interactions and conditions to protect and improve the health of the community” (Green & McKenzie, 2002, p. 247)
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Community Health
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what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy” (IOM, 1988, p. 7)
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Public Health
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any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality health decisions” (Joint Committee, 2001, p. 247)
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Health Education
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Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities” (Joint Committee, 2001, p. 101)
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Health Promotion
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The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress.
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Disease Prevention
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Population specific differnce in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to care
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Health disparity
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An organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well being of students and staff, thus improving a student's ability to learn. It includes:
- Health education - Health services - Helath school envionment - Psycological and social services - Physical educaiton - Nutrition services - Family and Community - Helath promotion for staff |
Coordinated school health program (CSHP)
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An approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects, or dimensions, of a person's life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions
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Wellness
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_________ is neither a discipline or a profession but somewhere in between – an emerging profession
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Health Education
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a branch of knowledge or learning” (Agnes, 2001, p. 410)
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Discipline
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A vocation or occupation requiring advanced education and training, and involving intellectual skills” (Agnes, 2001, pp. 1145-1146) or “the sociological construct for an occupation that has special status” (Livingood, 1996, p. 421)
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Profession (Definition)
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- Prolonged training
- Accredited institutions & requirements for entry - Specialized knowledge & expertise - Standards of practice - Autonomy - Serving social value - Code of ethics |
A profession
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- Not in agreement
- No requirement for such - Synthesized from other disciplines - Yes This is emerging - Yes - Yes |
Health Education
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- They believe in what they are doing.
- They want to see a job done properly. - They do their best. - They feel a sense of responsibility for the quality of work done by others in the field. |
Professionals
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- More visible today than ever before
- More widely accepted by other health professionals - Much notoriety came with beginning of the health promotion era of public health in 1974 Healthy People report in 1979; behavioral risk factors became more important |
Current Status of Health Education
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Behavioral patterns are the single most prominent domain of influence over health prospects in the United States” (McGinnis et al., 2002, p. 82).
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21st Century
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the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems” (Dictionary of Epidemiology as cited in Last, 2007, p. 111)
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Epidemiology
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Collected at several levels to assist with the prevention of disease outbreaks or control those in progress and to plan and assess programs,
Rates – crude, adjusted, specific Terms; morbidity, mortality, endemic, epidemic, pandemic |
Epidemiological data
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Number of death (all causes)/estimated midyear population * 100,000
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Crude Death Rate
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Number of deaths 45-54/estimated midyear population, 45-54 * 100,000
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Age specific death rate
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Number of deaths (HIV)/estimated midyear population* 100,000
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Cause specific mortality rate
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Life expectancy; at birth, at 65 yo, at 75 yo
Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) |
Measuring Health or Health Status
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Conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) National Health Care Surveys (six surveys dealing with ambulatory care, hospitals, & long-term care) Conducted by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Conducted by the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (NCHA) |
Health Surveys
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Improve the quality of life; difficulty to quantify
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Ultimate goal
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is to positively influence the health behavior of individuals and communities as well as the living and working conditions that influence their health” (New York State as presented at CNHEO, 2007, p. 1)
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Purpose
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_______________ is based upon the assumption “that beneficial health behavior will result from a combination of planned, consistent, integrated learning opportunities” (Green & Ottoson, 1999, pp. 93-94)
Evidence is data that can be used to make decisions about planning Evidence-based practice is practice that is based on systematically finding, appraising, and using evidence as the basis for decision-making when planning health education/promotion programs (Cottrell & McKenzie, 2005) |
Health Education
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- Assessing needs
- Setting goals and objectives - Developing an intervention - Implementing the intervention - Evaluate the results |
Generalized model for program planning
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Human biology (heredity) (19.8%)
Environment (20.1%) Health care organization (10%) Lifestyle (health behavior) (51.5%) |
The Health Field Concept (Laframboise, 1973; Lalonde, 1974)
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Gestational endowment (30%)
Social circumstances (15%) Environmental conditions (5%) Human behavior (40%) Medical care (10%) |
The Determinants of health (IOM, 2001, McGinnis et al., 2001, USDHHS, 2000)
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- Primary
- Secondary - Tertiary |
Levels of Prevention
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Preventive measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period
disease, illness or injury |
Primary prevention
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Preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or an injury to limit disablity, or dependancy and prevent more severe pathogenesis
disability, impairment or dependance |
Secondary Prevention
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Preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
Death |
Tertiary prevention
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those inherited, environmental, & behavioral influences “which are known (or thought) to increase the likelihood of physical or mental problems” (Slee, Slee, & Schmidt, 2001, p. 545)
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Risk factors
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Modifiable (changeable or controllable)
Nonmodifiable (nonchangeable or noncontrollable) Examples for heart disease - Tobacco use, high BP, elevated cholesterol, diet, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol use, biological factors |
Types of Risk Factors
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- Pathogen
- Human Resevoir - Portal of Exit - Transmission - Portal of entry - Establishment of disease in new host |
Chain of infection model and strategies for disease prevention and control
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- Agent
- host - Environment |
Risk reduction
For communicable (infectious) diseases. Commincable disease model |
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Participation – active involvement
Ownership – responsibility for Ecological approaches – behavior is influenced by several environmental dimensions Population-based approaches – group approaches Advocacy – alter public opinion Health advocacy – bring about change related to health Empowerment – gaining control over own life Cultural competence – work effectively with other cultures |
Other Selected Principles
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