Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Essential Fatty Acids
|
Linoleic
Linolenic Arachidonic |
|
Which molecules make up triglyceride?
|
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
|
|
How much cholesterol does our body synthesize?
|
1000-1500 mg per day
|
|
What are some functions of cholesterol?
|
Nerve coatings, precursor for Vitamin D, bile salt formation, cell membrane integrity
|
|
Fatty acids are different primarily because of 2 factors:
|
Chain length and Degree of saturation
|
|
How are the properties of fats affected by the differences in fatty acids?
|
Saturated Fats- chain length increases, melting point increases
Unsaturated- as double bonds increase, melting point decreases |
|
What is a saturated fatty acid?
|
Molecule is completely surrounded or saturated with hydrogen
|
|
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
|
Molecule has gaps and double bonds in certain regions of the fat
|
|
Animal fats are _____ at room temperature.
|
Solid
|
|
Vegetable fats are _____ at room temperature.
|
Liquid
|
|
The conversion of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid is termed _____.
|
Hydrogenation
|
|
5 functions that dietary fat are involved in
|
Energy
essential fatty acids source of fat soluble vitamins protection palatability |
|
4 types of lipoprotein found in the body
|
Chylomicron
VLDL (very low density) LDL (low density) HDL (high density) |
|
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting fat from the intestine to liver?
|
Chylomicron via lymphatic system
|
|
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting fat to the cells?
|
VLDL, LDL, and HDL
|
|
Which lipoprotein is thought to protect you from cholesterol damage and atherosclerosis?
|
HDL
|
|
What is the term used to describe "visible hardened fat deposits"?
|
Cellulite
|
|
Name the tissue where fat is deposited and how many Kcal's of energy there are per pound of this tissue.
|
Adipose Tissue
3500 kcal |
|
How does ketosis result?
|
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids resulting in production of ketone bodies
|
|
The 3 states of ketosis are:
|
Untreated diabetes, low carb diet, fasting
|
|
Name 3 ketone bodies produced during ketosis.
|
Acetoacetic acid
Betahydroxy butyric acid acetone |
|
Which ketone body is found in the breadth?
|
Acetone
|
|
Plaque formation is the pathological characteristic for what disease?
|
Atherosclerosis/ Coronary Heart Disease
|
|
What results when an artery is clogged to the heart? Brain? Limb? Blood Vessel?
|
Heart attack
Stroke Gangrene Aneurysm |
|
What 3 risk factors did the Framingham study show concerning coronary heart disease?
|
Smoking
Cholesterol High BP |
|
The level of cholesterol above which the risk of coronary heart disease increases is _____
|
200 mg
|
|
List the 4 factors of the "Prudent Diet"
|
Reduce caloric intake
Limit dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day Reduce total fat intake Sub polyunsaturates for saturates |
|
Who formed U.S Dietary Goals?
|
George McGovern
US senate committee in mid 70s |
|
In terms of Kcal's, what was this committees recommendation for the ratio of Kcal's coming from Fat? Proteins? Carbs?
|
30%
10% 60% |
|
List the organs in the body that aid in digestion and transport
|
Mouth, esophogas, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine
|
|
Enzyme in saliva that helps breakdown carbs
|
Salivary amylase
|
|
Food swallowed at one time
|
Bolus
|
|
Peristalsis
|
Two sets of muscles work opposite each other to move food down the esophagus or small intestine
|
|
Muscles that close to keep food contained with the stomach
|
Sphincter valves
|
|
The valve at the beginning of the stomach is the ____ while the valve at the end of the stomach is called the _____.
|
Cardiac
Pyloric |
|
3 muscles that make up the stomach and briefly describe what happens
|
Outer - longitudinal
Middle - circular Inner - Diagonal |
|
Define the hydrolosis reaction
|
Using water to break the bond
Major reaction in digestion |
|
What is the function of the glycoprotein that is produced in the stomach and which enzyme is important in the digestion of food in the stomach?
|
Glycoprotein protects B12
Pepsin breaks down protein |
|
What is the approximate pH of stomach caused by HCL?
|
2
|
|
The enzymes responsible for breaking down: carbs? protein? lipid?
|
Pancreatic amylase
Proteases Lipases |
|
What is secreted into the small intestine to help adjust the pH to neutrality?
|
Sodium bicarbonate
|
|
Secreted from the gall bladder, this compound helps to emulsify fat for digestion
|
bile
|
|
What are the advantages of the large intestine?
|
Thriving population of bacteria help to reduce infectious bacteria
Produce some vitamins colon reabsorbs most of the water and salts |
|
Finger-like projections of the small intestine
|
Villi
|
|
Advantage of villi?
|
Increase surface area of small intestine making it more a efficient process of digesting and utilizing the smaller units of protein, fat, and carbohydrates
|
|
What 2 systems in the body are found in the villi and help to transport nutrients throughout the body?
|
Blood and lymphatic
|
|
Free movement of nutrients in and out of the cell
|
Diffusion
|
|
Requires a carrier or shuttle to move nutrients across the cell membrane
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
|
Pumps nutrients across the cell membrane by using a carrier and energy
|
Active transport
|
|
2 systems that regulate digestion, absorption, and transport
|
Nervous and endocrine
|
|
Which hormone stops the flow of acid to the stomach?
|
Gastrin
|
|
Which hormone signals the pancreas to produce bicarbonate?
|
Secretin
|
|
Which hormone is used to signal the gall bladder to secrete bile
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
|
|
Which hormone slows gastrointestinal tract motility because fat needs more time to digest?
|
Gatric-Inhibitory Peptide and CCK
|
|
Vitamin
|
Organic compound necessary for growth and maintenance
|
|
What are the different forms that vitamins exist in foods?
|
Natural vitamin and its vitamin precursor
|
|
What are the chemicals called that hinder vitamin uptake and utilization?
|
Antivitamin/Vitamin antagonist
|
|
What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiency?
|
Primary-nutrient lacking in diet
Secondary- unable to utilize |
|
what is the difference between natural and synthetic?
|
None, a chemical is a chemical
|
|
Precursor to vitmain A
|
carotenoids
|
|
2 functions of Vitamin A
|
Rhodopsin (Night Vision)
Epithelial Integrity (moisture) |
|
What are 2 deficiency diseases for vitamin A?
|
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia |
|
What concentration is vitamin a toxic
|
3 x RDA
|
|
Precursors for vitamin d
|
Calciferols and 7-dehydrocholesterol
|
|
Important functions for vitamin d
|
Promotes Ca utilization and uptake
Strong bones and teeth |
|
Vitamin D deficiency diseases
|
Juvi - Rickets
Adults - Osteomalacia |
|
What concentration is vitamin d toxic?
|
4x RDA
|
|
Precursor for vitamin e
|
Tocopherols
|
|
2 functions for vitamin e
|
biological antioxidant and blood forming
|
|
2 deficiency diseases for Vitamin E
|
Hemolytic anemia
Antisterility factor in rats |
|
What concentration is vitamin E toxic?
|
None
|
|
Precursor to vitamin K
|
Menadione, pseudoprecursor
|
|
Important function of vitamin K
|
blood clotting
|
|
What concentration is vitamin k toxic?
|
None
|
|
Water soluble vitamins are _____ in a total enzyme system.
|
Coenzymes
|
|
What are the other terms in a total enzyme system?
|
Apoenzyme - protein
Cofactor - mineral |
|
Functions of vitamin c
|
Synthesis of collagen - cements cells together
Water soluble antioxidant |
|
Vitamin C deficiency
|
Scurvy- follicular keratosis, bleeding gums, receding gums, teeth fall out, wounds open
|
|
5 animals that require vitamin c
|
Guinea pig
Fruit-eating bat Red-vented bul-bul bird Anthropoid Ape Man |
|
What concentration does the body become saturated with vitamin c?
|
200 mg/day
|
|
Who was the individual responsible for large does of vit c curing the cold and preventing cancer?
|
Dr. Linus Pauling
|
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
|
Carbs to energy
Aids in nerve cell function |
|
Vitamin B1 Deficiency
|
Beriberi - polyneuritis, severe muscle wasting, anorexia, weakness, death, enlarged heart
|
|
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Functions
|
As a coenzyme it helps convert carbs and proteins to energy
|
|
Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency
|
Ariboflavinosis - magenta tongue, cheilosis, seborrhea, conjunctivitis, lacrimation
|
|
What is the significance of yellow urine?
|
Riboflavin is highly pigmented and demonstrated that the body tissues become saturated at high levels producing a very yellow urine
|
|
Niacin functions
|
As a coenzyme involved in carb, protein, and fat metabolism
|
|
Niacin Deficiency
|
Pellegra
|
|
Symptoms of Pellegra
|
3 D's
Dermatitis Diarrhea and Dementia |
|
3 M's of Pellegra
|
Maize meat and molasses
|
|
What is enrichment?
|
addition of one or more nutrients in order to increase consumption of these nutrients
|
|
What 5 nutrients were described by the federal enrichment program?
|
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folate
|
|
Restoration
|
Addition of nutrients to a processed food to replace nutrients lost during processing
|
|
Fortification
|
Addition of nutrients that may or may not be naturally present in the food in order to increase consumption of those nutrients by general population
|
|
Nutrification
|
A general term for the addition of nutrients to food
|
|
Functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
|
Protein metabolism
|
|
Pyridoxine Deficiency
|
No disease just symptoms
Anemia, dermatitis, convulsions |
|
Antagonist for pyridoxine
|
deoxypyridoxine
|
|
Functions of Pantothenate
|
Release energy from carbohydrates, fat metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis
|
|
Pantothenate Deficiency
|
not recognized in humans
|
|
Pantothenate Antagonist
|
Omega-methyl pantothenate
|
|
Biotin Functions
|
Activates enzymes involved in metabolism of CO2
|
|
Biotin deficiency
|
Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, pallor, inflammation of tongue, depression, hair loss
|
|
Biotin Antagonist
|
Avidin
|
|
Folic Acid Functions
|
RBC production
|
|
Folic Acid Deficiency
|
Megaloblastic Anemia- malabsorption, anemia, infertility
|
|
Folic Acid Antagonist
|
Aminopterin
|
|
Vitamin B12 Functions
|
RBC Development
|
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency
|
Weakness, sore tongue, anemia
|
|
B12 antagonist
|
None
|
|
B12 intrinsic an extrinsic factors
|
in- stomach produces
ex- foods |
|
Mineral
|
Inorganic chemicals necessary in the diet for growth and maintenance
|
|
3 other terms for minerals
|
electrolytes, salts, trace nutrients
|
|
Functions of minerals
|
building blocks
soft tissue compounds essential to the body body regulations |
|
Sodium Functions
|
Osmotic pressure
Acid-Base balance Membrane Function |
|
Na deficiency can be caused by:
|
excessive sweating, vomiting, and urination
|
|
Excessive intake of Na can lead to ____ which causes an increased risk in ______
|
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease |
|
What is gatorade made of?
|
Bottled sweat
water, potassium, sodium, glucose, flavors |
|
Potassium functions
|
osmotic pressure
acid-base balance |
|
potassium deficiency
|
muscular weakness, intestinal distention, abnormal heart beat, respiratory failure
|
|
Calcium functions
|
Bones and teeth
muscle contraction blood clotting nerve excitability |
|
Deficiency signs for calcium
|
tetany(hyperexcitable nerves)
bleeding rickets osteoporosis |
|
4 Excessive Ca diseases
|
kidney stones
gall stones tarter on teeth plaque formation |
|
What 2 compounds affect Ca utilization?
|
Vitamin D
Oxalic acid/ oxalates |
|
Phosphorus functions
|
bones and teeth
cellular energy as ATP |
|
Phosphorus deficiency
|
weak bones
|
|
Iron functions
|
A part of the molecules hemoglobin and myoglobin
Carrier oxygen via RBCs |
|
Iron Deficiency
|
anemia
|
|
What 3 factors affect iron utilization
|
vit C promotes Fe utilization by converting Fe3+ to Fe2+, Fe2+ (ferrous) form is better utilized, phytic acid/phytates prevent Fe from being utilized
|
|
Iodine Functions
|
part of thyroxine which is found in thyroid
|
|
Iodine deficiency
|
Goiter, mental impairment, mental retardation
|
|
Fluorine Functions
|
Hardens bones and teeth, prevents tooth decay
|
|
Flourine deficiency
|
Dental carries
tooth decay |