Fluid And Electrolytes

Front 1

what is homeostasis?

Back 1

-Stateof equilibrium in body

- Naturallymaintained by adaptive responses Inorder to achieve homeostasis

-Bodyfluids and electrolytes are maintained within narrow limits

Front 2

What is the water % of Adults, Older adults, and infants?

Back 2

-60%of body weight in adult

-45%to 55% in older adults

-70%to 80% in infants

Front 3

When does water content vary?

Back 3

gender,body mass, and age

Front 4

The nurse knows that older adults are more prone to fluid volume alterations for which of the following reasons?

a.They have decreased thirst sensation.

b.Their kidneys have an increase in glomerular filtration.

c.They are at risk for increased excretion of medications.

d.They have decreased stomach-emptying time.

Back 4

a) they have decreased thirst sensation

Front 5

What are the 2 major body fluid compartments?

Back 5

-Intracellularfluid (ICF)Locatedwithin cellswhish makes up Two-thirdsof body water and 42%of body weight

-Extracellularfluid (ECF)One-thirdof body water; 17% of total body weight Betweencells (interstitial fluid), lymph, plasma, and transcellular fluid

Front 6

Where do you find transcellular fluid?

Back 6

-Cerebrospinalfluid

-Gastrointestinaltract

-Pleuralspaces

-Synovialspaces

-Peritonealfluid spaces

Front 7

What is thrid-spacing?

Back 7

Occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the interstitial or "third" space-the nonfunctional area between cells. This can cause potentially serious problems such as edema, reduced cardiac output, and hypotension.

Front 8

How much transcellular fluid is in the body?

Back 8

Approx 1L

Front 9

What are the functions of body fluid?

Back 9

-Transportnutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen

-Carrywaste products away

-Necessaryfor regulation of body temperature

-Lubricatesjoints and membranes and aids in digestion

Front 10

What are electrolytes

Back 10

Substanceswhose molecules dissociate (split) into ions (charged particles) when placedinto water

Front 11

What does dissociate mean?

Back 11

split into ions

Front 12

What is an ion?

Back 12

A charged particle

Front 13

What are cations?

Back 13

Positively charged ions- Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+

Front 14

What is an anion?

Back 14

Negatively charged ions- HCO3-,Cl-, PO4-

Front 15

How do you measure electrolytes?

Back 15

Internationalstandard is millimolesper litre(mmol/L)

Front 16

In ICF what is the prevalent anion and cation?

Back 16

Anion is PO43- (phosphate)

Cation is K+ (potassium)

Front 17

In ECF what is the prevalent anion and cation?

Back 17

Anion is Cl- (chloride)

Cation is cation is Na+(sodium)

Front 18

What is the Mechanisms Controlling Fluid and Electrolyte Movement

Back 18

-Diffusion

-Facilitateddiffusion

-Activetransport

-Osmosis

-Hydrostaticpressure

-Oncoticpressure

Front 19

What is Diffusion?

Back 19

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

-Occurs in liquids, solids, and gases

-Membrane separating two areas must be permeable to diffusing substance

-Requires no energy

Front 20

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 20

-Movementof molecules from high to low concentration without energy

- Usesspecific carrier molecules to accelerate diffusion

Front 21

What is active transport?

Back 21

Processin which molecules move against concentration gradientExternalenergy required -ATPproduced in the mitochondria

-Example:sodium–potassium pump

Front 22

What is Osmosis?

Back 22

-Movementof waterbetween two compartments by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute

- Movesfrom low solute to high solute concentrationRequiresno energy

Front 23

What is Osmotic pressure?

Back 23

Amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water Determined by concentration of solutes in solution. Measured as Osmolality This is what is typically tested to evaluate concentration of plasma and urine Normal is 280-300. Changes in extracellular osmolality can cause changes in both ICF and ECF volume

Front 24

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Back 24

Force within a fluid compartment In the blood vessels hydrostatic pressure

-is the force generated by the contraction of the heart

-Decreases as the blood moves through the arteries Major force that pushes water out of vascular system at capillary level

Front 25

What is Oncotic pressure?

Back 25

Osmoticpressure exerted by colloids in solution (colloidal osmotic pressure)Proteinis major colloid in blood◦Largemolecules that cannot easily cross out of vascular space◦Attractwater ◦Pullfluid from intracellular compartment into the vascular space

Front 26

What is Carrier-mediated transport?

Back 26

moves molecules across the plasma membrane, It can be active of passive. Examples are active transport and facilitated diffusion

Front 27

what is Insensible water loss?

Back 27

continuous, gradual movement of water from the respiratory and skin epithelium, amounting 20-25mL/hour. Approx 600mL/day

Front 28

How much in mL do lungs a day?

Back 28

400mL/day

Front 29

What is sensible water loss?

Back 29

visible water loss from the skin regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which activates sweat glands.

Front 30

What are Osmoreceptors?

Back 30

the continually monitor the serums osmotic pressure. Controls thirst.