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287 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1st peak for trauma deaths occur during what time period? Deaths due to lacerations of heart, aorta, brain, brainstem, spinal cord. Cannot really save these patients; death is too quick. |
0-30 minutes
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The 2nd peak in trauma deaths occurs in 30 min to 4 hrs. What classification of injury is the first and second most common cause? These are the patients you can save with rapid assessment (golden hour).
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Head injury (#1) and hemorrhage (#2)
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The 3rd peak for trauma deaths occurs in days to weeks. Deaths due to what two main reasons?
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multisystem organ failure and sepsis
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Blunt trauma accounts for 80% of all trauma; what is the most common injured organ?
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liver (some texts say spleen)
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What is the physics formula for kinetic entery?
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1/2 mv2
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What is the LD50 of height of fall.
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4 stories
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What is the most commonly injured organ in penetrating injury?
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small bowel (some texts say liver)
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What is the most common cause of death in the 1st hour of trauma?
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hemorrhage
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Blood pressure is usually OK until ___% of total blood volume is lost.
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30
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What is the most common cause of death after reaching the ER alive?
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head injury
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What is the most common cause of death long term in trauma patients?
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infection
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What is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction? and what is the tx?
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tongue, perform jaw thrust
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What injuries are associated with seat belts?
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small bowel perforations, lumbar spine fractures, sternal fractures
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What is the best site for cutdown for access?
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saphenous vein
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General indications for DPL or FAST?
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hypotensive pt with blunt trauma
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What is considered a positive DPL?
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>10cc of blood, >100,000 RBCs/cc, food particles, bile, bacteria, >500 WBC/cc
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What do you do if DPL is positive?
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laparotomy
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What location should DPL performed if pelvic fracture is present?
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supraumbilical
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What 2 things can DPL miss?
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retroperitoneal bleed, contained hematoma
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What four places are checked for blood in FAST?
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perihepatic fossa, perisplenic fossa, pelvis, pericardium
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FAST can be obstructed by obesity and what amount of free fluid may not be detected?
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< 50-80
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What 2 things does FAST scan miss?
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retroperitoneal bleeding, hollow viscus injury
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Need a CT scan following blunt trauma in pts with ___, need for general anesthesia, closed head injury, intoxicants on board, paraplegia, distracting injury, hematuria.
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abdominal injury
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Pt requiring DPL that turned out to be negative will need what?
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abdominal CT scan
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Name 2 injuries that CT scan misses.
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hollow viscous injury, diaphragm injury
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Peritonitis, evisceration, positive DPL, clinical deterioration, uncontrolled hemorrhage, free air, diaphragm injury, intraperitoneal bladder injury, positive contrast studies, specific renal, pancreas, and biliary tract injuries.
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Need laparotomy
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Possible penetrating abdominal injuries (knife or low-velocity injuries) - When would you just do local exploration and observation? What is the purpose of diagnostic laparoscopy?
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fascia not violated
to see if fascia is violated |
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Name three situations that can cause abdominal compartment syndrome.
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massive fluid resuscitation, trauma or abdominal surgery
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What is the bladder pressure seen with abdominal compartment syndrome?
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>25-30
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What is the final common pathway for decreased cardiac output in abdominal compartment syndrome?
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IVC compression
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How does abdominal compartment syndrome lead to decreased urine output?
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renal vein compression
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What is the treatment for abdominal compartment syndrome?
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decompressive laparotomy
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Pneumatic antishock garment is controversial; use in pts with SBP < ___ and no ___ injury. Release compartments one at a time after reaching ER
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50, thoracic
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ER thoracotomy:
In what type of trauma is it used only if pressure/pulse lost ER? What type if lost on way to ER or in ER? |
Blunt
Penetrating |
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If ER thoracotomy is performed for cardiac injury, the pericardium is opened anterior to what structure?
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phrenic nerve
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In ER thoracotomy, for what type of injury is the aorta cross clamped? and what structure must you watch out for?
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abdominal, esophagus
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After cross clamping the aorta in ER thoractomy, at what BP level is further treatment futile?
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if BP fails to reach 70 mmHg
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When to catecholamines peak after injury?
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24-48 hours
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What is the difference in males and females with regard to the Rh status of the blood?
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males can receive Rh positive blood, females who are prepubescent or of child-bearing age should receive Rh-negative blood.
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What is the time it takes for type specific blood? type and screen? type and crossmatch?
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<10 min
20-30 min 45-60 min |
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Can you give nonscreened, noncrossmatched blood (Type specific)?
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can be administered relatively safely but there may be effects from antibodies to minor antigens in the donated blood
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List as much of the GCS as you can.
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Motor
6 – follows commands 5 – localizes pain 4 – withdraws from pain 3 – flexion with pain (decorticate) 2 – extension with pain (decerebrate) 1 – no response Verbal 5 – oriented 4 – confused 3 – inappropriate words 2 – incomprehensible sounds 1 – no response Eye opening 4 – spontaneous opening 3 – opens to command 2 – opens to pain 1 – no response |
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Pt with head injury and GCS less than or equal to 14 what next? and 10? and 8?
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head CT, intubation, ICP monitor
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What is the most common artery injured with epidural hematoma?
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middle meningeal artery
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Head CT shows lenticular (lens-shaped) deformity?
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epidural hematoma
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Operation of epidural hematoma indicated for significant neurologic degeneration or significan mass effect (shift > ___)
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5 mm
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Subdural hematoma is most commonly from tearing of what?
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venous plexus (bridging veins) between dura and arachnoid
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What is the head CT finding with subdural hematoma?
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crescent-shaped deformity
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Chronic subdural hematoma is usually in elderly after minor fall. Need drainage if > ___ or causing significant symptoms.
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1 cm
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In which 2 lobes are intracerebral hematoma usually found?
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frontal, temporal
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Traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage needs what procedure if causing hydrocephalus?
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ventriculostomy
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Diffuse axonal injury shows up better on MRI or CT?
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MRI
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Tx for diffuse axonal injury is supportive; may need what if ICP elevated?
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craniectomy
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Mean arterial pressure minus intracranial pressure = ?
and what is the desired value |
Cerebral perfusion pressure
>60 |
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What are the following signs of on brain imaging?:
decreased ventricular size, loss of sulci, loss of cisterns |
elevated ICP
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ICP monitors are indicated for suspected elevated increased intracranial pressure and GCS <= ___ or pt with moderate to severe head injury and inability to follow clinical exam (e.g. is intubated)
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8
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Normal ICP is 10; >___ needs treatment
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20
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Name three interventions that are tried first with elevated ICP.
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sedation and paralysis
raise head of bed relative hyperventilation |
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When hyperventilating a pt due to increased ICP. What is a target CO2 range? and what is the effect and what can happen if overhyperventilated?
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30-35
cerebral vasoconstriction cerebral ischemia from too much vasoconstriction |
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What can be done with fluids to manage elevated ICP?
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give hypertonic saline at times to draw fluid out of brain. (keep Na 140-150, serum Osm 295-310)
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What medication can be given to pts with elevated ICP and what is the MOA?
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mannitol, draws fluid from the brain
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What are three procedural options for elevated ICP if other measures fail?
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ventriculostomy w/CSF drainage
craniotomy decompression Burr hole |
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What medication is given prophylactically to prevent seizures to most pts with TBI?
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phenytoin
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Peak ICP levels occur after how long after head injury?
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48-72
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In TBI, dilated pupil indicates temporal pressure on same side. Which CN is compressed?
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CN III
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Racoon eyes are a sign of fracture of what part of the basal skull?
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anterior fossa
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Battle's sign indicates fracture of what part of the basal skull? What nerve can be injured?
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middle fossa, facial
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What is difference in tx for acute and delayed Battle's sign?
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if acute need exploration, if delayed, likely secondary to edema and exploration not needed
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Temporal skull fractures can injure what 2 cranial nerves?
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CN VII and VIII
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What is the most common site of facial nerve injury with temporal skull fractures?
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geniculate ganglion
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Most skull fractures do not require surgical treatment. Operate if significantly depressed, how much? Or if contaminated or if ___ not responding to conservative therapy
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8-10 mm
CSF leak |
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What is a Jefferson fracture and what is the tx?
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C-1 burst caused by axial loading. Tx: rigid collar
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C-2 hangman's fracture is caused by distraction and extension. What is the tx?
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traction and halo
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What are the 3 types of C-2 odontoid fractures and what is their tx?
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Type I - above base, stable
Type II - at base, unstable (will need fusion or halo) Type III - extends into vertebral body (will need fusion or halo) |
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Cervical facet fractures or dislocations can cause ___ injury; usually associated with hyperextension and rotation and with ___ disruption.
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cord, ligamentous
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What are the three columns of the thoracolumbar spine?
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anterior - anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior 1/2 of the vertebral body
middle - posterior 1/2 of the vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament posterior - facet joints, lamina, spinous processess, interspinous ligament |
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What is the significance of more than one thoracolumbar spine column disruption.
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Considered unstable
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What is the difference between compression (wedge) fractures and burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine?
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Compression fractures usually involve the anterior column only and are considered stable. Burst fractures are considered unstable and require spinal fusion.
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Upright fall. Look for fractures of what 3 areas?
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calcaneus, lumbar, wrist/forearm
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Neurologic deficits without bony injury. What injury should you consider and how to dx?
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Check for ligamentous injury with MRI
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The following are indications for what?:
fracture or dislocation not reducible with distraction acute anterior spinal syndrome open fractures soft tissue or bony compression of the cord progressive neurological dysfunction |
emergent surgical spine decompression
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Facial nerve injuries need repair. Fracture of what bone is most common cause of facial nerve injury?
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temporal bone
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Try to preserve skin and not trime edges with ___ lacerations
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facial
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Maxillary fracture straight across is called what?
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Le Fort type I
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Maxillary fracture lateral to nasal bone underneath eyes, diagonal. ( / \ ) What is that called?
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Le Fort type II
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Fracture of lateral orbital walls ( - - ) is called what?
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Le Fort type III
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Nasoethmoidal orbital fractures, what percentage have a CSF leak? Try conservative therapy for how long? What can you try to decrease CSF pressure to help it close? May need surgical closure of dura to deal with leak.
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70%, 2 weeks, epidural catheter
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What is the difference in tx for anterior vs posterior nose bleeds?
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anterior is just packing
posterior is harder to dea with; try ballon tamponade 1st; may need angioembolization of internal maxillary artery or ethmoidal artery |
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Orbital blowout fractures - pts with impaired upward gaze or diplopia with upward vision need what?
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repair with restoration of orbital floor with bone fragments or bone graft
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What is the number one indicator of mandibular injury?
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malocclusion (misaligned teeth)
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What are two imaging modalities to assess mandibular injury?
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panorex film and fine-cut facial CT scan with reconstruction
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Most mandibular injuries are repaired with IMF (metal arch bars to upper and lower dental arches, 6–8 weeks) or what other option?
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ORIF
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What is the tx for tripod fracture (zygomatic bone)?
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ORIF for cosmesis
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Pts with maxillofacial fractures are at high risk for what other injury?
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cervical spine
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Asymptomatic blunt trauma to the neck. What is the best next step?
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neck CT scan
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What are the delineations between the zones of the neck?
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Zone I is clavicle to cricoid cartilage
Zone II is cricoid to angle of mandible Zone III is angle of mandible to base of the skull |
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Asymptomatic penetrating trauma to Zone I of the neck. What is the best next step?
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Zone I needs angiography, bronchoscopy, rigid esophagoscopy, barium swallow, pericardial window may be indicated. May need sternotomy to reach these lesions
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Asymptomatic penetrating trauma to Zone II of the neck. What is the best next step?
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Exploration in OR.
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Asymptomatic penetrating trauma to Zone III of the neck. What is the best next step?
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Need angio, laryngoscopy. May need jaw subluxation/digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscle release/mastoid sinus resection to reach vascular injuries in this location.
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What is the important implication of neck Zone I injuries?
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greater potential for intrathoracic great vessel injury
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What is the tx for symptomatic blunt or penetrating trauma to the neck? (shock, bleeding, expanding hematoma, losing or lost airway, subcutaneous air, stridor, dysphagia, hemoptysis, neurologic deficit)
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neck exploration
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Injury to what structure is the hardest to find in neck trauma?
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esophagus
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What is the best combined modality for diagnosing esophageal injury (find essentially 95% of injuries when using both methods)
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rigid esophagoscopy and esophagogram
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What is the tx for a contained injury to the esophagus?
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observation
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Noncontained esophageal injury - if small, <24 hours, without significant contamination and pt is stable. What is the tx? and otherwise?
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primary closure, otherwise make spit fistula and drain leak with chest tube
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What is the leak rate with esophageal and hypopharyngeal repairs? drain?
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20%, yes
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What is the surgical approach to repairing esophageal injury in the neck? Upper 2/3 of thoracic esophagus? Lower 1/3 of thoracic esophagus?
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left side, right thoracotomy, left thoracotomy
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Laryngeal fracture and tracheal injuries are airway emergencies. Secure airway in ER. Tx: primary repair, can use ___ for airway support; ___ necessary for most to allow edema to subside and to check for stricture.
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stap muscle, tracheostomy
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Thyroid gland injuries - control bleeding and ___
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drain
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury - can try to repair or reimplant in ____ (hoarseness)
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cricoarytenoid muscle
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Shotgun injury to neck needs angiogram and ___; esophagus/tracheal evaluation
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neck CT
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Can vertebral artery bleeds be ligated or embolized without sequela?
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yes
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Common carotid bleeds - ligation will cause stroke in what percentage of patients?
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20
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What are the relative indications for thorocotomy in the OR based on chest tube output quantity? (there are 3 of them, bleeding with instability is another indication)
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>1,500 cc after initial insertion
>250 cc/h for 3 hours 2,500 cc/24 h |
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Chest trauma and hemothorax - all blood needs to be drained in what timeframe and why?
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<48 hrs, to prevent fibrothorax, pulmonary entrapment, infected hemothorax
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Unresolved hemothorax after 2 well placed chest tubes. What next?
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thoracoscopic or open drainage
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Sucking chest wound needs to be at least 2/3 the diameter of the trachea to be significant. What is the tx and explain the concern with just plugging the hole?
|
Cover wound with dressing that has tape on three sides. This prevents development of tension pneumothorax while allowing lung to expand with inspiration
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Patient has worse oxygenation after chest tube placement. What should you think of?
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tracheobronchial injury (one of the very few indications in which clamping the chest tube may be indicated)
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Bronchial injuries are more common on which side?
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right
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How should you intubate a pt with bronchial injury?
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may need to mainstem intubate pt on unaffected side
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How do you diagnose tracheobronchial injury?
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bronchoscopy
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Tracheobronchial injury should be repaired if large air leak and respiratory compromise or after how long of a persistant air leak?
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2 weeks
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Right mainstem, trachea, and proximal left mainstem injuries are all repaired via Right thoracotomy. Why? (left thoracotomy for distal left mainstem injuries)
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avoids the aorta
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Blunt trauma injuries to the diaphragm are more common on which side?
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left
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How can the diagnosis of diaphragm injury be made?
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CXR shows air-fluid level in chest from stomach herniation through hole
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To repair diaphragm injury transabdominal approach is used if what time frame of injury? Otherwise what approach?
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transabdominal approach if <1 week, chest approach if > 1 week
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What are the following signs of?:
widened mediastinum, 1st rib fractures, apical capping, loss of aortopulmonary window, loss of aortic contour, left hemothorax, trachea deviation to right |
Aortic transection
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The tear in aortic transection is usually at the ____ (just distal to subclavian takeoff). Other areas include near the aortic valve and where the aorta traverses the diaphragm.
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ligamentum arteriosum
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What percentage of patients with an aortic tear have a normal CXR?
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5%
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Indications for aortic evaluation include head on mva > ___ mph or fall >___ ft
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45, 15
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Name the two diagnostic modalities for aortic transection.
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aortogram or CT angiogram of chest
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Name two medications used to control BP in pts with aortic transection.
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Nipride and esmolol
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What is the operative approach to repairing aortic transection?
|
left thoracotomy with partial left hear bypass
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When repairing aortic transection. Which do you treat first other life-threatening injury (ie positive DPL) or the transection?
|
treat other injury first
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What is the approach for repairing injuries to ascending aorta, innominant artery, proximal right subclavian arter, innominate vein, proximal left common carotid?
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median sternotomy
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What is the approach for repairing injuries to the left subclavian arter, descending aorta?
|
left thoracotomy
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What is the approach for repairing the distal right subclavian artery?
|
midclavicular incision 1/2 resection of medial clavicle
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What are the 2 most common causes of death after myocardial contusion?
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v-tach and v-fib
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What is the timeframe for the highest risk of death with myocardial contusion?
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first 24 hours
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What is the most common arrhythmia overall in patients with myocardial contusion?
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SVT
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What is the biggest pulmonary impairment in pts with flail chest?
|
the underlying pulmonary contusion
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Will aspiration produce CXR findings immediately?
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not always
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What defines the "box" in penetrating chest injury?
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clavicles, xiphoid process, nipples
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What 4 things are needed with penetrating "box" injuries to the chest?
|
pericardial window, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy, barium swallow
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Penetrating chest wound outside the "box" without pneumothorax or hemothorax.
Tx if required intubation? Otherwise? |
chest tube, follow CXRs
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Pericardial window - if you find blood, need ___ to fix possible injury to heart; also place ___
|
sternotomy, pericardial drain
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Penetrating injuries anterior-medial to midaxillary line and below nipples needs ___ or ___
|
laparotomy or laparoscopy
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Name three traumatic causes of cardiogenic shock?
|
cardiac tamponade, cardiac contusion, tension pneumothorax
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What exactly causes the cardiac compromise in tension pneumothorax?
|
decreased venous return
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Pts with sternal fractures are at high risk for ___. Pts with 1st and 2nd rib fractures are at high risk for ___
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cardiac contusion, aortic transection
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Hemodynamically unstable pt with a pelvic fracture and negative DPL, negative CXR and no other signs of blood loss or reasons for shock. Tx?
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stabilize pelvis (C-clamp, external fixator, or sheet) and go to angio for embolization
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Name the type of pelvic fracture with mortality, blood loss and complication rate.
|
Type I. unstable (crush). Mortality 20%-30%. Blood loss >10 units. Complications 60%-75%
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Name the type of pelvic fracture with mortality, blood loss and complication rate.
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Type II. unstable. Mortality 8%-12%. Blood loss 2-10 units. Complications 30%-50%
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Name the type of pelvic fracture with mortality, blood loss and complication rate.
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Type III stable. Mortality <5%. Blood loss 1-2 units. Complications 10%-20%
|
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Anterior vs Posterior pelvic fractures. Which is more likely to have venous vs arterial bleeding
|
Anterior - venous. Posterior - arterial
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Penetrating injury pelvic hematomas. open? Blunt injury pelvic hematoma?
|
Penetrating - open
Blunt - leave unless expanding and patient unstable. If unstable, stablize pelvic fracture, pack pelvisi in OR, and get patient to angiography embolization |
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Which portion of the duodenum is most commonly injured in trauma?
|
2nd (descending portion near ampulla of Vater), can also get tears near ligament of treitz
|
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70-80% of duodenal trauma requiring surgery can be treated with what?
|
debridement and primary closure
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Duodenal trauma - segmental resection with primary end-to-end closure possible with all segments except which one?
|
second portion
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What is the % mortality in patients with duodenal trauma?
|
25% (shock)
|
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What is the major source of morbidity with duodenal trauma?
|
fistulas
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Paraduodenal hematomas usually occur with trauma to which portion of the duodenum and why?
|
usually third portion because it is overlying the spine in blunt injury
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What is the tx for paraduodenal hematoma from blunt or penetrating trauma if in the OR?
|
open
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High SBO 12-72 after abdominal injury could be due to what?
|
missed paraduodenal hematoma
|
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UGI study shows "stacked coins" or "coiled spring" appearance in trauma pt. Dx?
|
Missed paraduodenal hematoma causing SBO
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What is the tx for missed paraduodenal hematoma with SBO?
|
conservative tx (TPN and NGT) cures 90% of these overy 2-3 weeks
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If duodenal trauma is suspected at laparotomy, then perform ____ and open ___ check for hematoma, bile, petechia, sucus and fat necrosis. If found then what do you do?
|
Kocher, lesser sack
formal inspection of duodenum |
|
Diagnosing suspected duodenal injury – abdominal CT with contrast initially. UGI contrast study best. CT scan may show bowel wall thickening, hematoma, air, contrast leak, retroperitoneal fluid/air. If CT scan is worrisome for injury but nondiagnostic, what can you do?
|
Repeat the CT in 8–12 hours to see if the finding is getting worse
|
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With duodenal trauma, what are 2 important surgical techniques?
|
jejunal serosal patch (looping back a portion of jejunum to patch hole) or pyloric exclusion for complex duodenal injury
|
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Describe the 4 parts of pyloric exclusion for complex duodenal injury (ie not enough duodenum for repair or is in the 2nd portion of the duodenum)
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|
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How often is trauma whipple indicated in duodenal injury?
|
rarely, if ever
|
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What is the most common organ injured with penetrating injury?
|
small bowel
|
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Abdominal CT scan showing intra-abdominal fluid not associated with a solid organ injury, bowel wall thickening, or a mesenteric hematoma is suggestive of what injury?
|
occult small bowel injury
|
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Initial tx for occult small bowel injury?
|
close observation and possibly repeat abdominal CT after 8-12 hours to make sure finding is not getting worse.
|
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Pt with non occlusive small bowel injury from trauma, what do you need to make sure of before they are discharged?
|
can tolerate diet
|
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How do you repair small lacerations to small bowel? and large (>50% of circumference or results in lumen diameter 1/3 normal)?
|
transversely to avoid stricture
perform resection and reanastomosis |
|
When do you open a mesenteric hematoma?
|
if expanding or large (>2 cm)
|
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What is the difference in repair of colon trauma between right/transverse colon vs left colon?
|
right and transverse can perform primary reanastomosis
left colon it is safest to preform colostomy and Hartman's pouch or mucus fistula |
|
What is the abscess rate after colon trauma repair? and fistula rate?
|
10%, 2%
(higher with primary repair) |
|
High rectal trauma (>5cm) can be extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal what is difference in repair?
|
Both have presacral drainage with fecal diversion with colostomy. Extraperitonal is generally not repaired because of inaccessiblity. Intraperitoneal, the defect is repaired.
|
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What is approach to repairing low rectal trauma (<5 cm)?
|
transanally
|
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Liver trauma to common hepatic artery, repair?
|
ligated with collaterals through gastroduodenal artery
|
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Hepatic lobar arteries can be ligated without complication unless the patient is ____, which could lead to liver ischemia.
|
hypotensive
|
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Does the pringle maneuver stop bleeding from hepatic veins?
|
no, clamping of portal triad only
|
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If possible, clamp time intervals in the pringle maneuver should be limited to what?
|
15-20 min
|
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In retrohepatic IVC injury, how can you control bleeding while performing repair?
|
atriocaval shunt
|
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Severe penetrating liver injury and the patient becomes unstable in the OR, what do you do?
|
perihepatic packing, stabilize in ICU
|
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Do portal triad hematomas need to be explored?
|
yes
|
|
Trauma to common bile duct. How do you repair if >50% of circumference? and <50%?
|
>50% choledochojejunostomy
<50% repair over stent |
|
What percent of common bile duct anastomoses leak?
|
10%
|
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Ligation of portal vein is associated with ___% mortality. What is the approach when repairing the portal vein and what additional procedure will need to be performed?
|
50
transect through the pancreas to get to the injury, will need to perform distal pancreatectomy |
|
What type of graft can be placed in liver laceration to help wil bleeding and prevent bile leaks?
|
omental graft
|
|
Leave drains with liver injures?
|
yes
|
|
Initial approach to blunt liver injury is conservative management. Has failed if patient becomes unstable despite aggressive resuscitation, including how many units of PRBCs to keep Hct > 25?
|
4
|
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In blunt liver injury or spleen trauma, active blush on abdominal CT or pseudoaneurysm are indications for what?
|
indications for OR
|
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Anterior vs Posterior blunt liver injury, which may be better off going to angiogram vs OR?
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posterior (if in doubt go to OR)
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How long will pt with blunt liver injury or splenic trauma need bed rest with conservative mgmt?
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5 days
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How long does it take for splenic trauma to fully heal?
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6 weeks
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What age range is postsplenectomy sepsis most common? How long after splenectomy is the greatest risk of sepsis?
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1st 5 years of life. Within 2 years of splenectomy.
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Splenic salvage is associated with increased ___.
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transfusions
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Conservative management of blunt splenic injuries has failed if patient becomes unstable despite aggressive resuscitation, including __ units of PRBCs (HR >120 or SBP < 90) or requires 2 units of PRBCs to keep Hct > ___
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2, 25
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Is the threshold for splenectomy in children higher or lower?
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much higher; hardly any children undergo splenectomy
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Are immunizations after trauma splenectomy necessary?
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yes
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What is more common blunt or penetrating pancreatic trauma?
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penetrating (80%)
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Blunt injury to pancreas can result in duct fracture. What is the usually orientation of the fracture?
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perpendicular to the duct
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What is necessary in a distal pancreatic duct injury? How much of the gland can you take?
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distal pancreatectomy, 80%
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What do you do with a pancreatic head injury that is not reparable?
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place drains initially; delayed Whipple may be eventually necessary
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What is an alternative to resection in pancreatic duct injuries?
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ERCP with stent
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Whipple vs. distal pancreatectomy based on duct injury in relation to what structure(s)?
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SMA/SMV
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Pancreatic trauma to the right of the SMA/SMV treated with drains instead of what?
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Whipple (initially)
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Do you open a pancreatic hematoma with penetrating and blunt injury?
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yes
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What test is useful in evaluating a missed pancreatic injury?
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rising amylase
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CT scans poor at diagnosing pancreatic injuries initially. Name 3 delayed signs.
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fluid, edema, necrosis
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When there is vascular and orthopedic trauma, which is repaired first?
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vascular
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Major signs of vascular trauma are pulse deficit, expanding or pulsatile hematoma, distal ischemia, bruit, thrill.
Moderate/soft signs are deficit of anatomically related nerve, large stable/nonpulsatile hematoma. What is the difference in tx between the two? |
Major signs go to OR for exploration (some say angio 1st)
Moderate/soft signs go to angio |
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Vascular trauma suspected and ABI < 0.9 what do you do?
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go to angio
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In vascular trauma a saphenous vein graft will be needed if segment > ___ cm missing. When fixing lower extremity arterial injuries do you use ipsilateral or contralateral saphenous vein?
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contralateral (improves outflow)
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Name 6 veins that need repair if injured.
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vena cava, femoral, popliteal, brachiocephalic, subclavian, and axillary
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What is the tx for transection of single artery in the calf in an otherwise healthy pt?
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ligate
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Limb ischemia > 4 hours, what tx should you consider and why?
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fasciotomy to prevent compartment syndrome
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Consider compartment syndrome with pressures > __ mmHg
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20
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What are the "Ps" of compartment syndrome?
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pain -> parathesias -> anathesia -> paralysis -> poikilothermia -> pulselessness (late finding)
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Compartment syndrome most commonly occurs with what type of injuries?
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supracondylar humeral fractures, tibial fractures, crush injuries or other injuries that result in a disruption and then restoration of blood flow
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IVC trauma - primary repair if residual stenosis < ___% of original diameter of IVC otheriwse place saphenous vein or synthetic patch
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50
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How is bleeding of IVC best controlled?
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with proximal and distal pressure, not clamps -> can tear it
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What is a possible approach to repairing posterior IVC wall injuries?
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May need to cut through the anterior IVC to get to posterior IVC injuries
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How much blood loss is possible from a femur fracture?
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>2L
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Femoral neck fractures are at high risk for ___
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avascular necrosis
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Long bone fracture or dislocations with loss of pulse (or weak pulse). What next? And if pulse does not return?
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immediate reduction and reassessment of pulse
Go to OR for vascular bypass or repair (some say angio) |
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with anterior shoulder dislocation. and posterior?
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axillary nerve
axillary artery |
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with proximal humerus fracture.
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axillary nerve
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with midshaft humerus (or spiral humerus fracture).
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radial nerve
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with distal (supracondylar) humerus fracture.
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brachial artery
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with elbow dislocation.
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brachial artery
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with distal radius fracture.
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median nerve
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with anterior hip dislocation? and posterior?
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femoral artery
sciatic nerve |
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with distal (supracondylar) femur fracture.
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popliteal artery
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with posterior knee dislocation.
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popliteal artery
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Name the concomitant nerve or artery injury associated with fibular neck fracture.
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common peroneal nerve
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All knee dislocations need to go to ___, unless pulse is absent, in which case some would just go to ___
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angio, OR
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What is the best indicator of renal trauma? And what is the diagnostic study needed with the finding?
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Hematuria, CT scan
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With renal trauma what is the study that is useful if going to the OR without abdominal CT, to identify presence of functional contralateral kidney, which could affect intraoperative decision making?
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IVP
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Why is it possible to ligate the left renal vein near the IVC while this cannot be done on the right?
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Left has adrenal and gonadal vein collaterals
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From anterior to posterior, what are the renal hilum structures?
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vein, artery pelvis
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What percentage of renal trauma is treated nonoperatively?
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95%
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Do all urine extravasation injuries require operation?
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no
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Indications for operation in renal trauma include, acute ongoing ___ with instability
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hemorrhage
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Indications for operation in renal trauma include, after acute phase - major collecting system disruption, unresolved ___, hematuria
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urine extravasation
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In operation for renal trauma, with exploration, what do you get control of first?
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vascular renal hilum
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Place drains in operation for renal trauma?
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yes, especially if collecting system is injured
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How do you check for a leak at the end of an operation for renal trauma?
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methylene blue dye
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When at exploration for another blunt injury or penetrating trauma. Renal injury with hematoma is found. What is the difference in tx based on blunt vs penetrating?
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Blunt - leave unless preop CT/IVP shows no function or significant urine extravasation
Penetrating - open unless preop CT/IVP shows good function without significant urine extravasation |
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Trauma to flank and IVP shows no uptake. Tx?
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angiogram; can stent if flap is present
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What is the best indicator of bladder trauma?
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hematuria
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>95% of bladder trauma is associated with what other injury?
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pelvic fractures
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How is the diagnosis of bladder trauma made?
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cystogram
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In what type of bladder rupture does cystogram show starbursts?
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extraperitoneal bladder rupture
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What is the tx for extraperitoneal bladder rupture?
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Foley 7-14 days
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What does the cystogram show in intraperitoneal bladder rupture?
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leak (as opposed to starbursts seen with intraperitoneal)
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What type of bladder rupture is more likely in kids?
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intraperitioeal
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What is the tx of intraperitoneal bladder rupture?
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operation and repair of defect, followed by foley drainage
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Hematuria is unreliable indicator of what type of trauma?
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ureteral (best for renal and bladder)
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What are the two best tests for ureteral trauma?
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IVP and retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
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With ureteral trauma, if a large ureteral segment is missing (>2cm) and cannot perform reanastomosis. Upper 1/3 and middle 1/3 injuries that won't reach bladder. What can be done to temporize in an unstable pt? What can be done later or if the pt is stable?
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percutaneous nephrostomy, trans-ureteroureterostomy
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What is the tx for ureteral trauma that is small (<2 cm)?
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mobilize the ends and perform primary repair over stent if upper or mid ureter, reimplant if lower 1/3
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What direction does the blood supply come from for the ureter?
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medially in the upper 2/3, laterally in the lower 1/3
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Leave drains for all ureteral injuries?
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yes
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Hematuria or blood at meatus best sign; free-floating prostate gland; usually associated with pelvic fractures. What is the injury?
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Urethral trauma
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You suspect urethral injury. Do you insert a foley? What is the best test?
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No, urethrogram
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Significant tears to the urethra vs. small partial tears. What is the difference in tx.
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Significant tears: suprapubic cystostomy and repair in 2-3 months. Small partial tears may get away with bridging urethral catheter across tear area and repair in 2-3 months.
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What are the possible problems with early urethral injury repair as opposed to the recommended 2-3 months?
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High stricture and impotence rate if repaired early
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Genital trauma - can get fracture in erectile bodies from vigorous sex. Need to repair the ___ and ___
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tunica, Buck's fascia
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Testicular trauma - order ___ to see if ___ is violated then repair if necessary.
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ultrasound, tunica albuginea
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___ is not a good indicator of blood loss in children - last thing to go.
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blood pressure
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What are the best indicators of shock in children (4)
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HR, RR, mental status and clinical exam
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In an infant <1 yr what is a normal pulse, SBP and RR?
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160, 80, 40
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In a preschool age child (1-5 yrs) what is a normal pulse, SBP and RR?
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140, 90, 30
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In an adolescent (>10 yr) what is a normal pulse, SBP and RR?
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120, 100, 20
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What fraction of total blood volume loss can occur in a pregnant pt without signs?
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1/3
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In trauma during pregnancy estimate age based on ___
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fundal height (20 cm = 20 wk = umbilicus)
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In trauma during pregnancy, maturity can be evaluated by lecithin:sphingomyelin ration > ___ or a positive ____ test
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2:1, phosphatidylcholine
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Trauma in pregnancy. What are the following signs of?:
uterine tenderness, contractions, fetal HR <120 |
signs of abruption
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What is the most common mechanism of placental abruption?
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shock
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What is the Kleihauer-Betke test?
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tests for fetal blood in maternal circulation, sign of placental abruption
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What location is uterine rupture with trauma in pregnancy most likely to occur?
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posterior fundus
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If uterine rupture occurs after delivery of child. What intervention leads to the best outcome?
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Aggressive resuscitation even in the face of shock, uterus will eventually clamp down after delivery.
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In the management of hematomas in trauma, name the 4 scenarios (location and penetrating or blunt) where you would not open?
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Pelvic blunt, retrohepatic blunt and penetrating if stable, perirenal blunt.
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