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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gene Expression |
· Product that is actively being synthesized incell |
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Transcriptional Control |
· Occurs when the cell does not produce mRNA forspecific enzymes · Allows the cell to prevent translation of mRNAmolecule that has already been transcribed |
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Post-translational Control |
Occurs when the cell fails to activate amanufactured protein |
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Negative Control |
Regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts downTranscription |
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Positive Control |
· Triggers Transcription |
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Allosteric Regulation |
· Protein by binding an effector molecule at asite other than the enzymes active site |
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Regulon |
Set of separate genes or operons |
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Riboswtiches |
· Only found in genes involved in metabolism |
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Epigenetics |
· The study of heritable changes in geneexpression |
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Nucleosomes |
· Repeating ,bead-like structures |
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Promoters |
· Where RNA polymerase binds to initiatetranscription |
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Acetylation |
· Where an acetyl group is transferred from onemolecule to the other |
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Methylation |
· Alkylation with a methyl group, rather than a largercarbon chain, replacing hydrogen atoms |
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TATA-Binding Proteins |
· All eukaryotic promoters are bound by |
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Regulatory Sequence |
Sections of DNA involved in controlling theactivity of genes |
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Promoter-Proximal Element |
· Located upstream of the promoter and thetranscription start site |
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Enhancers |
· Regulatory elements that are far from thepromoter · Can be located in introns |
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Silencers |
· Repress active gene expression |
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Regulatory Transcription Factors |
· Bind to enhancers, silencers, andpromoter-proximal elements · Responsible for the expression of particulargenes |
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Basal Transcription Factors |
· Interact with the promoter · Not restricted to particular cell types |
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Mediator Complex |
· Creates physical link between regulatorytranscription factors and Basal Transcription Factors |
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*Transcription Initiation in eukaryotic cells* |
Step 1:Regulatory transcription factors bind to the DNA Step 2:Chromatin remodeling Step 3: Additional regulatory transcription factors form theenhancers or promoter-proximal elements Step 4: All the basal transcription factors for the BasalTranscription Complex |
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Prions |
· Protein particle that have been implicated asthe cause of various neurodegenerative disorders |
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Reverse Transcriptase |
· Can synthesize DNA from an RNA template· Make complementary DNA (cDNA) |
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DNA Library |
· A collection of transformed bacteria cells· Containing a vector with an inserted gene |
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cDNA Library |
· Collection of bacteria cells Containing |
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Transposable Element |
· Segments of DNA that can move from one locationin a genome to another · “Selfish Gene” |
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Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINES) |
· Makes copies of itself · Insert itself into a new location in the genome |
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Non- enveloped Virus |
· Genetic material enclosed by a protein shellcalled a capsid |
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Enveloped Virus |
· Genetic material enclosed by a capsid and one ormore membrane- like envelope |
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Bacteriophage |
· Virus that infects bacterial cells· Replicative growth- called lytic Cell |
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Non-polar R-group Polar R group |
Hydrophilic |
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Monomers |
· Individual units of amino acids or nucleotides |
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Polymers |
· Monomers that are liked together |
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Catalysis |
· Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions |
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Defense |
· Antibodies and complement proteins attackspathogens |
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Movement |
· Motor and contractile proteins move the cell ormolecule within the cell |
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Signaling |
· Proteins convey signals between cells |
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Structure |
Structural proteins define cell shape andcomprise body structures |
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Transport |
· Proteins carry materials |
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ProteinPrimary Structure** |
· Unique sequence of amino acids · Limitless primary structure possibilities |
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**ProteinSecondary Structure |
· Formed by hydrogen bonds · Hydrogen bonds occur between carbonyl group andamino acids |
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ProteinTertiary Structure |
· Polypeptide results from interaction betweenR-Groups · Hydrogen Bonds · Hydrophobic interactions · Van Deer Waals interactions · Covalent disulfide bonds · Ionic Bonds |
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Protein QuaternaryStructure |
· The bonding of two or more distinct polypeptidesubunits |
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Molecular Chaperone |
· Help proteins fold correctly in cells |
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Prions |
· Improperly folded forms of normal proteins |
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Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases |
· “charges” the tRNA by catalyzing the addition ofamino acids to tRNA |
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The genetic Code |
Condons are written 5’ to 3’** AUG is the start Codon Three different stop condons · UAA· UAG· UGA |
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A Site |
· The acceptor site for an aminoacyl tRNA |
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P Site |
· Where a peptide bond forms that adds on amino acids to the growing polypeptide chains |
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E Site |
· Where tRNA’s no longer bound to an amino acid exit the ribosome |
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Initiation |
· Begins at the AUG codon · Preceding by a ribosome binding site |
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In bacteria… |
1. The mRNA binds to a small ribosome subunit 2. The initiator aminoacyl binds to the startcondon 3. Large ribosomal subunits binds, completing thecomplex |
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Ribozyme |
· An RNA with catalytic activity |
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Translocation |
Elongation Factor Movethe mRNA down the ribosome |
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Termination Phase |
· Starts when the A Site encounters a stop codon · Causes protein to enter the A site- Release factor |
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Release Factor |
· Resemble tRNA in size and shape · Do not carry an amino acid |
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Somatic |
· Mutations occurs in pre-mitotic cells |
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Germline |
· Mutations occurs in pre-meiotic cell |
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Ubiquitous |
· Always present |
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Conditional |
· Phenotypic changes only under permissiveconditions |
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Base analogs |
Chemicals incorporated into DNA look like basesbut pair incorrectly |
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DNA modifier |
· Act directly on DNA but not incorporated |
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PCR |
Genomic DNA DNTP DNA Primers Buffers |