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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparion to other conventional routes is the |
predictability safety and ease |
|
drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects are relatively _____________ in comparison to other conventional routes of drug administration |
rapid and predictable |
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some drugs can be effectively administered through mucous membranes. One such drug as |
cocaine |
|
many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into the CNS tissue by |
the blood brain barrier |
|
taking drugs can often produce tolerance to other drugs, such tolerance is called |
cross tolerance |
|
____________ tolerance is tolerance that occurs because less drugs gets to the target site |
metabolic |
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individuals who suffer drug withdrawal sympotoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be |
physically dependent |
|
the severity of withdrawal symptoms depends on |
the duration of the preceding drug exposure, speed with which the drug is cleared from the body, particular drug in question, and dose of the preceding drug exposure. |
|
About what proportion of the adult population is clearly schizophrenic? |
1% |
|
haloperidol is a potent |
neuroleptic, d2 receptor, ligand, and antischizophrenic drug |
|
the fact that dopamine receptor blockers take several weeks to exert their antischizophrenic effects suggests that |
blocking dopamine receptors triggers some slow-developing change that is critical therapeutic effect |
|
MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they |
Block MAO's ability to break down tyramine |
|
Lithium has often been used as a treatment for |
Bipolar affective disorder |
|
Both selective serotonin-ruptake inhibitors and selective nonepinephrine-ruptake inhibitors are effective in the treatment of |
depression |
|
Dianthesis means |
a genetic suceptibility |
|
the dianthesis-stress model is a prominent theory of |
depression |
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Support for he theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-inducted changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se comes from the observation that tolerance didn't develop to the anticonvulsant effect of alcohol unless: |
convulsive stimulation is administered after each alcohol injection |
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Seigel's conditioning theory of drug tolerance is supported by demonstrations of |
the situational specificity of tolerance |
|
Although ___________ is classified as a depressant it has stimulant effects at low doses. |
alchol |
|
Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions |
Alcohol |
|
The impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is _________ |
crack |
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During cocaine sprees there is a risk from death from ___________ |
stroke |
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the early physical dependence theories of drug addiction were decredited by the observation that |
detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits |
|
Many Self-stimulation sites contain |
Dopaminergic neurons |
|
Phobic disorders, panic disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders are all categories of |
anxiety disorders |
|
it has been hypothesized that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with |
brain damage |
|
which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effect of benzodiazepines |
GABA |
|
Common verbal tics of Tourette syndrome include |
coprolalia, palilia, echolalia, barking |
|
Tourette syndrome occurs more frequently in |
Identical twins |
|
Drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable in the market are called |
orphan drugs |
|
anxiety disorders are |
the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders, they are treated with benzodiazepines or serotonin agonsists. |
|
Cocaine |
stimulant prepared from cocabush, vonsumed by snorting or injection can be made into crack by boiling it. produces good mood, confidence, energy, and less desire for food and sleep is produced |
|
Heroin |
opiate. two acetyl groups to the morphine molecules, increases the ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier, it is injected. produces orgasmic pleasure, pleasurable drug. Withdrawals happen 6-12 hours after the last dose, causes restlessness |
|
Oral ingestion |
preffered route of administration once swallowed they dissolve in the stomach and are carried into the intestines and absorbed in the bloodstream |
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Injection |
most common in medical drugs, effects are fast strong and predictable. can be subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravnous. addicts prefer intravenous because it delivers straight to the brain. No way to contrareact in case of an overdose |
|
inhalation |
difficult to regulate the dose of inhaled drugs, substances damage the lungs |
|
mucus membranes |
includes nose, mouth, and rectum. cocaine is usually snorted through nose |
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Cross tolerance |
tolerance made when one drug that can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism |
|
functional tolerance |
tolerance that results from changes that reduce the activity of the sites of action to the drug |
|
smoker's syndrome |
chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and prone to infections in the respiratory tract |
|
benzodiazepines |
used as anti-anxiety agents, muscle relaxers, sedatives, and sometimes anticonvulsants. |
|
comorbidity |
two or more coexisting medical conditions or disease processes that are additional to an initial diagnosis |