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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Choose the true statement about the morphological data in the chart shown below. The "1" in the box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is absent.
A. All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics. B. Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics. C. The lamprey is the only outgroup since it shares none of the derived characteristics. D. The salamander and the tiger are outgroups because they only share two of the derived characteristics (jaws and lungs). E. The shark is an outgroup since it only has one of the derived characteristics (jaws). |
C. The lamprey is the only outgroup since it shares none of the derived characteristics. |
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Of the following, the correct order from largest, most inclusive group to smallest, most specific group, |
class, order, family, genus, species. |
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Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best represent
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a monophyletic group. |
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If two organisms are in the same phylum and the same order, then they also belong to the same
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class.
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The principle of ______________ favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.
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parsimony
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Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ______________ characteristics.
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ancestral
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Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called
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derived characters.
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If a scientist found very high concentrations of organic biomarkers deep inside a 3.9 billion year old meteorite, how would this effect the explanation of the origins of life on Earth?
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This would provide evidence for the extra-terrestrial origin of life.
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Prokaryotic organisms were the only life forms present on earth for almost 2 billion years. Multicellular eukaryotes have only been around for about 25% of earth's history
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True
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Life apparently originated on Earth about
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3.5 billion years ago.
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The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is
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4.5 billion years.
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An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain the origin of the first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps except
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inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started.
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Which of the following was produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others?
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amino acids
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Which eon would contain rocks with no fossils?
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Hadean
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Vascular plants appeared about 450 million year ago. Vascular plants have existed on earth for ______.
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10% of its history
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True multicellularity is a major characteristic of
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eukaryotes only.
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Why is there free oxygen in the air?
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It is a by-product of photosynthesis.
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How would a massive drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide affect the global climate?
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A drop in atmospheric carbon would produce a decrease in surface temperatures.
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It has been discovered that enzyme-like catalysis can be carried out not only by enzymes but also by
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RNA.
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The early Earth's reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except
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oxygen.
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The group that probably gave rise to chloroplasts is the
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cyanobacteria.
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During the snowball earth temperatures at the equator rarely exceeded -20 degrees Celsius. Why didn't heat from the sun melt the ice?
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The ozone layer absorbed all the heat.
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Choose the scientific evidence that supports evolutionary theory. Check all that apply.
-the fossil record -homologous structures -the molecular record -intelligent design -vestigial structures |
-the fossil record -homologous structures -the molecular record -intelligent design -vestigial structures |
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Select all of the following that are valid counterarguments to the idea that evolution is "just a theory." - Scientists use the word theory to describe unifying ideas. - Evolution is just a collection of facts without a central theme and this is not a theory. - Scientific theories are supported by many types of evidence and no empirical data refutes them. -Evolution occurred in the past, but it is not occurring in the present, so it cannot be a theory. |
- Scientists use the word theory to describe unifying ideas. - Evolution is just a collection of facts without a central theme and this is not a theory. - Scientific theories are supported by many types of evidence and no empirical data refutes them. -Evolution occurred in the past, but it is not occurring in the present, so it cannot be a theory. |
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Evolution does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because |
Earth is not a closed system; it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun. |
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Punctuated equilibrium proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 is an evolutionary process that involves |
"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis. |
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Choose the true statements about molecular clocks. -All molecular clocks tick at the same rate. -Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence. -The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on how constrained the character is by natural selection. -Ultimately, all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repair mechanisms. |
-All molecular clocks tick at the same rate.
-Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence. -The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on how constrained the character is by natural selection. -Ultimately, all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repair mechanisms. |
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Based on the phylogeny shown, we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species
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3 |
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5370 years |
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Analysis of air bubbles trapped in rocks shows a drop in the level of carbon-12 (relative to other isotopes) in rocks that are 3.8 - 3.7 billion years old when compared to rocks that are 3.9 - 4.0 billion years old. How is this possible? |
Living organisms that appeared approximately 3.8 billion years ago preferentially use carbon-12. |
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A researcher analyzes a rock sample and discovers 87.5% of the parent isotope has decayed into a daughter isotope. Given that the half life of the parent isotope is 500,000 years, how old is the sample? |
1,500,000 year old |
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A new plant species is introduced to Daphne Major and produces small, thin seeds. This plant species is highly adapted to drought and after 5 years has replaced over 80% of the native plants that produce large seeds. How will this change affect the evolution of beak size in the medium ground finch population? |
Small beaks will be favored under all rainfall conditions. |
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Which aspect(s) of natural selection is(are) illustrated by the figure below (21.2b)? Check all that apply. - Variation must exist in the population. - Variation among individuals must be genetically transmissible to the next generation. - Variation among individuals leads to differences in lifetime reproductive success. - More individuals are produced each generation than the environment can support, resulting in competition for survival. |
- Variation must exist in the population. - Variation among individuals must be genetically transmissible to the next generation. - Variation among individuals leads to differences in lifetime reproductive success. - More individuals are produced each generation than the environment can support, resulting in competition for survival. |
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Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true? - There is no selection and mating is random under domestication. - During domestication, very high rates of mutation are induced. - Genetic drift is important because domestication involves small populations. - Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world. - Domesticated species exhibit "hybrid vigor" (heterosis). |
Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world. |
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The streamlined bodies seen in sharks, tuna, and dolphins best relate to |
the physical properties of water. |
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The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called
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convergent evolution. |
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The figure below shows results of bristle number in Drosophila flies after 35 generations of artificial selection. This figure suggests that |
bristle number has evolved beyond the original range of phenotypic variation for this trait. |
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In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major, the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks
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best suited for their parents' environment.
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Select the pairs of organism characteristics that are homologous structures. Check all that apply.
-cactus spines; tree leaves -human hand bones; whale fin bones -bat wing; butterfly wing -octopus eye; mouse eye |
-cactus spines; tree leaves
-octopus eye; mouse eye |
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Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are
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vestigial structures.
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A new winged species is discovered in the Amazon rainforest. Select the evidence that supports that this species’ wings are homologous to vertebrate animals and analogous to insect wings. Check all that apply.
- The wings have an underlying bone structure. - The wings are poisonous. - Blood vessels are networked through the wings. - The wings are covered in chitinous scales. |
- The wings have an underlying bone structure. - The wings are poisonous. - Blood vessels are networked through the wings. - The wings are covered in chitinous scales. |
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The most likely explanation for why toothed whales have a blowhole is
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they evolved from an animal with nostrils. |
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Parental care in dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds is an example of
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homology caused by common descent.
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The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is
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measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits.
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Homologous structures are |
structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor. |
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During development in the mother's uterus, human embryos have pharyngeal pouches (sometimes called gill slits) that later develop into various glands. Fish also have pharyngeal pouches as embryos, but these develop into gills. The best explanation for why human and fish embryos develop pharyngeal pouches is |
humans and fish share a common ancestor that had gills. |
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The side toes of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples of structures that resemble structures of presumed ancestors, which are known as |
vestigial structures. |
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Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?
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feathers |
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All vertebrates contain a similar pattern of organs, indicating that they are related to one another. This represents which of the following lines of evolutionary evidence? |
homology |
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Today, the fossil record |
can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives. |
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The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. A fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably |
16,800 years old. |
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In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is |
a transitional fossil between fish and amphibians. |
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The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be __________ to this behavior in crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows that these three groups share a common ancestor.
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homologous |
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The type of speciation that results in the formation of separate species as a result of geographic isolation is called ____________ speciation. |
allopatric |
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The biological species concept of Ernst Mayr cannot be applied to |
asexually-reproducing organisms. |
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Two populations that inhabit the same area but remain genetically distinct can best be called |
species |
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The model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slow successive change in a given evolutionary line is referred to as |
gradualism. |
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The figure below shows the relationship between beak depth in the medium ground finch on Daphne Major and relative fitness. Assuming that beak depth is heritable, what do you predict about beak depth in the next generation? |
Mean beak depth will stay about the same. |
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Evolution acts at the level of the |
population. |
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When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism. |
prezygotic |
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Which isolating mechanism is postzygotic? |
hybrid sterility |
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Studies of snapping shrimp on either side of the Isthmus of Panama have shown that each Caribbean shrimp species is more closely related to a Pacific shrimp species than it is to any other Caribbean shrimp species. The most likely explanation for this result is |
snapping shrimp species diverged after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. |
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In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be |
prezygotic and temporal. |
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Scientists investigating speciation in fruit flies divided a single population of flies into separate populations that each lived in their own cage on one of two food sources: maltose-based food or starch-based food. After several generations, the flies’ mate preference was tested, and it was found that flies strongly preferred to mate with other flies that were raised on the same food source. This results suggests that
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selection on food source indirectly led to the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms. |
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The __________ __________ model assumes that evolution occurs in spurts, between which there are long periods of stasis with little evolutionary change. |
Punctuated Equilibrium |
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Select the concepts emphasized by Ernst Mayr's biological species concept. Check all that apply. - hybridization between different species - production of fertile offspring within the species - populations in zoos - productive isolation from other specie |
- populations in zoos |
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According to the Biological Species Concept, two groups of organisms that are unable to form fertile, viable hybrids are considered to be different |
species. |
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The Pax6 gene, responsible for initiating lens formation in mice, can be inserted into fruit flies and |
can be expressed to initiate formation of an eye on the fruit fly's leg. |
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Choose the true statements about HOX and MADS box genes. -They evolved after the divergence of plants and animals. -They encode transcription factors. -They influence the expression of other genes. -They influence the development of body plan in animals but do not function in plants. |
- They evolved after the divergence of plants and animals. - They encode transcription factors. - They influence the expression of other genes. - They influence the development of body plan in animals but do not function in plants. |
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Eyes in different animal groups arose independently many times, |
and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homologous. |
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In order to test if the TLE gene is important in planaria tail regeneration, scientists cut a planaria in half longitudinally and blocked expression of TLE in the left half and allowed TLE expression in the right half. Which result would support that TLE is required for tail regeneration in planaria? |
The right half regenerates the tail, and the left half does not. |
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Choose the evidence supporting the argument that small changes in developmental regulatory genes can result in large phenotypic changes.
- Closely related frogs can have very different patterns of development. - Most developmental genes are highly conserved. - Much of phenotypic variation is environmentally caused. - The developmental "toolkit" consists of a large number of genes. |
- Most developmental genes are highly conserved. - Much of phenotypic variation is environmentally caused. - The developmental "toolkit" consists of a large number of genes. |
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Experimental mutations in the timing of Hox expression cause lab mice to develop deformed limbs. This is an example of |
heterochrony. |
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The evolution of initiation of limb development in tetrapods is best explained by |
the modification of an existing gene for a new function. |
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Regarding genome sequences and organismal development, it is important to remember that |
changing the timing of gene expression can have dramatic changes in development. |
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An oil spill occurs, and Greg (a member of the clean up team) suggests adding fertilizer. Why is he making this suggestion? |
The fertilizer encourages the growth of microbes that can break down the oil. |
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A high concentration of chlorophyll imbedded in the plasma membrane fold of a newly discovered species of bacteria suggests a: |
Photoautotrophic metabolism |
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Are transformation and transduction the same process? |
No; although both involve gene transfer the sources of the genetic material differ. |
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Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called |
binary fission. |
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In all of the following characteristics, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes except in |
nucleic acids as the hereditary material. |
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Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features? |
They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals. |
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Jennifer was camping and decided to drink water from a clear mountain stream. Her fellow campers suggested she filter the water but she ignored their advice and drank directly from the stream. A few days later she experienced intense abdominal pain and severe diarrhea. What is the most probable agent of her misfortune? |
Giardia intestinalis |
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Members of the Euglenozoa move within their habitats with the aid of |
flagella. |
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The concept of endosymbiosis is widely accepted, what kind of relationship is it? |
Both organisms in the partnership benefit. |
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Transferring Euglena into a dark environment results in the loss of photosynthetic pigment. What conclusion does this support? |
Euglenoids are neither plant-like or animal-like protists. |
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The most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms is the |
Protista Kingdom. |
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What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic? |
The presence of chloroplasts |
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Vacuoles for ingesting food and regulating their water balance are characteristic of
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ciliates. |
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How do humans use red algae polysaccharides? |
Thickeners |
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The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called |
Plasmodium. |
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What features of charophytes provides evidence for charophytes being the closests relative to land plants? |
Charophytes possess plasmodesmata. |
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The polysaccharides agarose and carrageenan are isolated from red algae for commercial use. These polysaccharides are found in cell walls, what plant polysaccharide are they analogous to? |
Cellulose |
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Which feature unites paramecia, malarial parasites, and dinoflagellates into a single group? |
The possession of alveoli |
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A biologist uses a time machine to collect living material from 2 different time periods. Sample A is 3 billion years old and sample B is 1.5 billion years old. How would these samples differ? |
Eukaryotic organisms would be absent from sample A. |
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Petals |
attract pollinators. |
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Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants? |
Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal. |
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Why is a rhizoid not considered a true root? |
Rhizoids lack xylem tissue. |
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Based on the outcome for plants, a monkey eating a banana is a |
disperser |
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Which plants are characterized by a conducting system, the possession of cuticles, specialized stems, and roots, stomata, and, in many species, seeds? |
tracheophyte |
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Chemical X is a hydrophilic germination inhibitor. What would be the advantage of having this chemical in the seed coat? |
The chemical would allow for germination when there was sufficient levels of moisture in the soil. |
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What does it mean if a plant is dioecious? |
There are separate male and female sporophytes. |
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Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts have been called |
bryophytes |
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Pollen comes from the |
anther. |
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Based on the number of species, the most successful extant phylum of plants is the |
Anthophyta |
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Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other tracheophyte plants, require
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water to reproduce sexually. |
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In plants, the sporophyte generation produces _______ as a result of meiosis. |
Spores |
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Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of the problem of |
desiccation. |
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The first plants clearly evolved from an organism that, if it existed today, would be classified as a multicellular green ___________.
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algae |
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A botanist examines 2 plants. Plant A has large colorful petals; plant B has extremely tiny white flowers. Which one is most likely animal pollinated? |
Plant A |
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Plants as well as brown, green, and red algae show a basic life cycle which involves the alternation of generations between a(n) |
sporophyte and a gametophyte. |
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Why do bees visit flowers? |
To collect food and feed it to their larvae |
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What is the function of pine resins? |
reduction of fungal and insect parasitism |
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A waxy cuticle helps prevents desiccation. What is the cost of this adaptation? |
Reduced gas permeability |
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The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character? |
the use of flagellated motile sperm |
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The development of tracheids helped land plants to do what? |
Grow to very large sizes |
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In tracheophyte plants, water and dissolved minerals are conducted away from roots by |
xylem tubes. |
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Stomata are used by plants to facilitate gas exchange. Why are they absent in charophytes? |
Gasses freely diffuse through uncoated charophyte tissues. |
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What are the three animal phyla that dominate animal life on land? |
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata |
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In some arthropods tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax known as a |
cephalothorax. |
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Of the following features, which is the most widely shared in the animal kingdom? |
a symmetrical body plan |
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Interoctopus communication is facilitated by |
chromatophores. |
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Solid worms that lack a body cavity are known as |
acoelomates. |
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Select the following phylum that includes coelomate, bilaterian animals that have a structure called a notochord.
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Chordata
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Inside its beak an octopus has a rasping tongue that is used to tear apart food, which gastropod structure is this analogous to?
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Radula
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The phylum that includes snails, clams, oysters, and octopuses is the
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Mollusca
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If you examine a spider and an ant, you notice quickly that they are arthropods but they have different characteristics. Select the incorrect choice of characteristics.
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Spiders and insects have a tracheal respiration system.
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Dibenzoylhydrazines are a category of molecules that have been used as insecticides. They work by blocking ecdysteroid receptors. How does this kill an insect?
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The insect cannot molt.
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An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies
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the molting process.
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A researcher wanted to determine if a sample of DNA belonged to an animal. What gene would provide evidence that the DNA came from an animal cell?
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Genes for spongin
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A marine biologist visits your biology class and begins his talk entitled, "Life as a Trochophore." A friend seated next to you asks, "What is a trochophore?" You explain that a trochophore is
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a term used to describe a larval form of either the phylum Mollusca or Annelida.
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The molluscan class ________ includes the snails and slugs.
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gastropoda
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The evolution of jointed appendages has made __________ very successful.
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anthropods
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Select the following phylum that includes protostome animals that are segmented, bilaterally symmetric, and have a chitinous exoskeleton. |
Arthropoda |
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How could a biologist distinguish an acoel flatworm from a free living platyhelminth? |
The acoel worm would be solid throughout, it lacks a permanent gut. |
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In their basic body plan, mollusks have a visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium and a muscular ____ that is used in locomotion. |
foot |
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Why is it that a box jelly can eat fish while a sponge can only consume bacteria and other microscopic organic matter? |
Box jellies start digestion in their gastrovascular cavity. |
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If a hiker picked up a mollusk on a trail in a rain forest, what class would it belong to? |
Gastropoda |
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The passage of an arthropod through stages from egg to adult is |
metamorphosis. |
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Damage to the flagellum would prevent the choanocyte from |
circulating water through the sponge. |
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In terms of the number of species, the most successful class of arthropods is |
Hexapoda |
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The embryonic layer found only in bilaterally symmetrical eumetazoans is the ______. |
mesoderm |
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Of the following combination of statements about protostomes and deuterostomes, which choice is correct? |
Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus or anal pore develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development. |
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The sexual reproduction of earthworms characteristically is |
hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing. |
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The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of |
jointed appendages. |
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Which of the following terms is mismatched with its meaning or characteristics? |
Diploblastic—ectoderm and mesoderm |
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Homo erectus and the modern humans differ in |
their brain size. |
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Of the primates listed below, a humans closest extant relative is a(n) |
orangutan. |
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Apes and humans together make up a group called |
hominoids. |
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Homo erectus has been shown to have dispersed from |
Africa. |
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Apes and monkeys differ in two noticeable characteristics. These characteristics are that apes have |
larger brains than monkeys do, and monkeys have tails and apes do not. |
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Of the following sequences, which one reflects the best scientific knowledge about the succession of Homo species from the past until the present? |
Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens |
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Which of the following evidence obtained from fossil studies is generally accepted as marking the beginning of the hominids? |
bipedalism |
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New World monkeys evolved approximately 30 million years ago. These animals are easy to identify because they |
have flattened noses and prehensile tails. |
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Because of its association with tools, the earliest human was called ____________ meaning "handy man." |
Homo habilis |
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Which of the following is considered the key innovation that started chordates along the evolutionary path that led to vertebrates? |
a flexible rod to which muscles are attached, which allowed lateral movement of the back |
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A friend of yours visited a natural history museum that had a replica of the Archaeopteryx. She told you the characteristics of Archaeopteryx that she either noticed or read at the display. Which one did she misread? |
Archaeopteryx lacked teeth, as do modern birds. |
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Scuba divers use a BCD to control buoyancy. It is essentially a bag that can be inflated or deflated to prevent excessive sinking or floating. How do bony fish accomplish this? |
They adjust the level of gasses in their swim bladder. |
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Amphibians are thought to have evolved from |
lobe-finned fish. |
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Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do? |
crocodiles |
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Mammals are the only vertebrates to possess |
hair |
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When a tourist buys a sand dollar at a beach shop, what are they buying? |
A skeleton |
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Manta rays, sting rays, and eagle rays are similar to lampreys in that they have cartilagenous skeletons. How are they different from lampreys? |
They have jaws. |
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One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the |
amniotic egg. |
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Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because |
their reproduction depends on water. |
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In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have |
a distinctive head or skull. |
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Which group includes mammals, birds, and reptiles but excludes all other chordates? |
Amniotes |
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Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their |
laying of shelled eggs. |
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The single ventricle in an amphibian heart means the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. How can amphibians accommodate this inefficiency? |
They transport oxygen across the skin. |
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Frog eggs most closely resemble |
fish eggs. |
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Sharks have a number of fleshy gill slits instead of a bony gill cover. How does the affect the sharks' behavior? |
The must swim to move water across their gills. |
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Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called |
endothermic |
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Which of the following statements about tunicates is incorrect? |
Tunicate larvae can reproduce. |
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What would be an easy way to determine if a skull is a mammal's skull? |
Examine the teeth. |
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Which of the following statements about tunicates is incorrect? |
Tunicate larvae can reproduce. |
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You dissect a specimen of a vertebrate during an anatomy laboratory. It has the following characteristics: lungs, abundant blood capillaries in the skin, a three-chambered heart, a pulmonary circuit, and it has four walking legs. You conclude that the animal belongs to which vertebrate group? |
amphibian |
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Species that have a delayed reproductive stage, are competing for limited resources, and have smaller numbers of slowly maturing large offspring show ________________ adaptations. |
K-selected |
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The size at which a population stabilizes in a particular place is defined as the __________ for that species. |
carrying capacity |
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A species colonizes an island, goes through a phase of exponential growth, and reaches the carrying capacity of the island. At what stage is the growth rate slowest? |
after reaching K |
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The rate at which a population of a given species will increase when no limits are placed on its rate of growth is called its |
biotic potential. |
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What are population pyramids used to show? |
age composition of a population |
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You are earning your Ph.D. in marine biology, studying the microbial ocean community. This year, you are shocked to discover that one of your study sites has become contaminated due to an industrial waste water pipe. This dumping is drastically raising the temperature and lowering the salinity of the water. What do you expect to find in your survey of the population, and what might you find in a survey years from now? |
Many species will have decreased or disappeared from this site, but later some species may increase in population if they acquire adaptive mutations. Also you may see some new species expand into the site. |
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What kind of population spacing would you expect for a species that is strongly territorial? |
uniform |
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In the sigmoid growth curve, the number of individuals at any one time is indicated by what symbol? |
N |
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You work for a successful company that sells maternity clothes. They have asked you to evaluate whether Australia or Singapore would be a better country to expand into with new stores. What keyword will help you find the data you need to make this evaluation? |
demographics |
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What are characteristics of r-selected populations? (Check all that apply.) - early age of first reproduction - late age of first reproduction - small brood size - large brood size - little or no parental care - extensive parental care - short generation time - long generation time - type I survivorship curves - type III survivorship curves |
- early age of first reproduction - late age of first reproduction - little or no parental care - extensive parental care - short generation time - long generation time |
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Parental care of the young is usually associated with species with a Type ___ survivorship curve. |
I |
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In the sigmoid growth curve, the carrying capacity of the environment is indicated by what symbol? |
K |
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Allen's rule states that mammals from colder climates have shorter ears and appendages than individuals of the same species from warmer areas. The related Bergman's rule states that mammal body size varies with latitude, with larger body size in populations located closer to the poles and smaller body size in populations located closer to the equator. What can explain both of these rules? |
Heat loss increases as the surface area to volume ratio of the animal increases. |
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What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be made from data graphed in the figure? |
After low mortality early in life, mortality increases to a constant rate for the rest of life. |
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What factor allows bacteria species to adapt to environmental changes faster than fish? |
shorter generation time |
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True or False: An r-selected species is more likely to become an invasive pest than a K-selected species. |
True |
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A. Which of the following statements is true about the graph? - Oysters live longer than Hydra. - Hydra and humans have parallel life spans. - Humans and oysters have similar life spans. - Humans have low mortality rates early in life. - Oysters have high mortality rates late in life. B. What often describes organisms with a Type III life history? C. What species would probably have a Type III life history? |
A. Humans have low mortality rates early in life. B. r-selected C. pine tree |
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Alligators excavate holes in the bottom of bodies of water. During times of severe drought these holes act as refugia for various aquatic organisms that might perish if there were no water available. Thus, alligators in this system can be classified as a(n) |
keystone species. |
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All organisms living together in a place are called a |
community. |
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Lakes become eutrophic by |
accumulation of organic matter. |
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A relationship in which both members benefit is called |
mutualism. |
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Communities evolve to have greater biomass and species richness in a process called |
succession. |
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Competition between species is called ____________ competition. |
interspecific |
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Aposematic, or warning coloration, serves to protect an animal or plant by signaling to potential ________ to stay away. |
predators |
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The attempt of two organisms trying to utilize the same resource is called |
competition. |
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Competition shapes communities because there are usually limited |
resources. |
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Which of the following examples would be undergoing secondary succession? Check all that apply. - an abandoned potato farm - a coastal grassland damaged by a hurricane - an abandoned landfill - rocks in a national park covered by mosses and lichens - a garden bed that has been weeded |
- a coastal grassland damaged by a hurricane -rocks in a national park covered by mosses and lichens |
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In _______ mimicry, unprotected species resemble others that are distasteful.
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Batesian |
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Organisms that possess this property are poisonous, sting, or are otherwise harmful; commonly black, yellow, and red in color. |
defensive coloration |
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Is the process by which different kinds of organisms adjust to one another by genetic change over long periods of time. |
coevolution |
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It is a situation in which a palatable organism resembles another kind of organism that is distasteful or toxic. |
Batesian mimicry |
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Adaptation that enables organisms to blend into their environment thereby avoiding predation. |
camouflage |
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Chemical compounds produced by plants that are not components of major metabolic pathways. |
metabolism |
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Interspecific competition can affect the phenotypic characteristics of organisms. |
True |
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Geographical allopatry between species is definitive evidence of interspecific competition. |
False |
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Garlic mustard is an invasive plant species in North American temperate forests. Garlic mustard secretes an allelochemical that interferes with relationships between native tree roots and their mycorrhizal fungi. This would be an example of |
interference competition. |
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In the carbon cycle, ______ from the atmosphere is used in photosynthesis to synthesize carbon-containing organic molecules in a process called ______. |
carbon dioxide; carbon fixation |
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Which of the following are true about ecosystems? Check all that apply. - They contain both living and nonliving components. - There is a transfer of energy through the system and some energy is lost as heat energy. - Nutrients repeatedly cycle through the ecosystem. - They represent the lowest level of biological organization. - The ultimate source of energy for most ecosystems is the sun. |
- They contain both living and nonliving components. - There is a transfer of energy through the system and some energy is lost as heat energy. - Nutrients repeatedly cycle through the ecosystem. - They represent the lowest level of biological organization. |
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The scarcity of which two elements limits plant growth? |
nitrogen, phosphorus |
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A wolf that feeds on moose and elk would be classified within which trophic level? |
primary carnivore |
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primary carnivore |
energy flows and nutrients cycle. |
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Heterotrophs must obtain organic molecules that have been synthesized by |
autotrophs. |
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A Viceroy caterpillar feeds on a leaf. If a day's feeding gains the caterpillar a total of 1000 calories and 50% is lost in its feces and 33% of the energy is used through cellular respiration, how many calories of the original intake are available for caterpillar biomass? |
170 calories |
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A good average value for the amount of energy that reaches the next trophic level is about |
10% |
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In a food chain with four trophic levels, what would be the energy in the top trophic level if the energy contained in the primary producer level is 40,000 kcal/m2/yr? Assume a trophic level transfer efficiency of 10%. |
40 kcal/m2/yr |
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The balance between photosynthesis and ___________ is altered by the combustion of fossil fuels. |
respiration |
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Which one of the links in the food chain shown below does the garden spider represent? grass—cricket—garden spider—blue jay—red-tailed hawk |
secondary consumer |
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Biomes are broad regional areas with defined flora and fauna. Which one of the following choices correctly identifies the biomes shown plotted in the included graph of precipitation versus temperature? |
Tropical Rain forest = 1; Desert = 2; Tundra = 3; Grassland = 4 |
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CO2 and other gases, which absorb the longer wavelengths of infrared light and radiated heat from Earth, are responsible for causing the |
greenhouse effect. |
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Which of following statements about the causes and effects of global warming are accurate? Check all that apply. -The effects of global warming will be uniform throughout the world. - In addition to carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases include methane and nitrous oxide. - Melting of the Artic permafrost will slow the process of global warming because of new plant growth in those areas. - The effects of global warming can be measured today. - Carbon dioxide absorbs short wavelength radiant energy better than long wavelength radiant energy. |
- The effects of global warming will be uniform throughout the world. - The effects of global warming can be measured today. |
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Which of the following choices best describes the relationship that exists between moisture and air temperature? |
The moisture-holding capacity of air increases when it is warm and decreases when it is cool. |
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Most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the upper atmosphere is absorbed by |
ozone |
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The great deserts and associated arid areas of the world mostly lie along the western sides of the continents at about |
30° north and south latitude. |
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You are working as a marine scientist. When you arrive at work, you notice some new water samples that a colleague left on your desk. You notice the containers are unlabelled...arrgh!...so you decide to run some analyses to see if you can determine where the samples were taken. The tests reveal that all the samples are extremely low in nitrates and other nutrients. This leads you to conclude that the samples probably came from which of the following? |
An area of open ocean beyond the continental shelf |
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A mountain range along the coast of a continent is located perpendicular to the prevailing sea breeze. Which one of the following describes an area where the rain shadow is located? |
on the leeward side of the mountain where cool, dry air is descending |
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Biological magnification of persistent toxins would be greatest in a |
polar bear. |
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The signal from the environment that triggers a stereotyped behavior is a |
key stimulus (sign stimulus). |
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When a parent herring gull arrives at the nest with food, a chick will orient to and peck at the red spot on the parent's bill. The parent will then regurgitate the food into the chick's open mouth and the chick swallows it. What is this set of behaviors an example of? |
stimulus-response chain |
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In an experiment studying predator and prey relationships, a scientist offers a naïve toad a bumblebee as food. The bee stings the toad when the toad tries to catch and eat the bee. Subsequent feeding trials with the toad reveal that the toad avoids feeding on bumblebees. This is a demonstration of |
associative learning on the toad's part. |
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A nonassociative learning called __________ can be defined as a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences. |
habituation |
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A certain species has offspring that require a very large amount of parental care. Predict their mating system. |
monogamous |
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You place an empty dog-food dish across the room from a puppy that then goes over to investigate the dish. You pick the dish up and ten minutes later you place it in a different part of the room, and you keep repeating this pattern. After the fifth time the puppy no longer goes over to the empty dish. Which of the following terms best describes this form of learning? |
habituation |
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If a scientist is conducting a study of how an animal's senses provide a physiological basis for a particular behavior, what type of causation is she exploring? |
proximate causation |
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Which of the following are used by species for navigation? |
magnetic fields phases of the moon stars the sun |
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Male Mormon crickets choose larger females as mate choices. Which of the following statements best interprets the graph? |
Larger females lay more eggs. |
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Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for these graphs? Maternal care (as measured by minutes crouching over offspring and proportion of pups retrieved) in female mice that have the fosB allele is |
greater than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele. |
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In the phalarope, or wadepiper bird, the male is unusual in playing the larger parenting role -- he performs all the egg incubation and chick care. What unusual behavior might you predict for the female of the species? |
The females compete to mate with the males, who choose among them. |
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The modification of behavior as a result of experience is called |
learning. |
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The processing of information and response in a manner that suggests thinking in the animal is called |
cognitive behavior. |
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Current research in behavioral ecology focuses on the overall contribution that behavior makes to an animal's |
fitness. |
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Haldane pointed out that if he received a certain allele, the chance that one of his brothers would receive that allele would be |
50%. |
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The vertical dive of a moth for cover when it hears the ultrasound chirps of an approaching bat is an example of a(n) |
fixed action pattern. |
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If an unrelated stimulus, such as the ringing of a bell, was presented at the same time as the meat powder, over repeated trials, a dog would salivate in response to the sound of the bell alone. This kind of response is called |
classical conditioning. |
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Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that newly hatched birds would direct their social behavior toward him if they saw him first after they hatched from their eggs. What is this called? |
imprinting behavior |
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If a scientist is conducting a study of how a male bird's song and the female bird's response evolved, what type of causation is she exploring? |
ultimate causation |
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What is the term for learning that occurs only during a brief period early in life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify. |
imprinting |
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Your study buddy is frustrated. "This book says that a single gene can make mice exhibit a certain behavior. That's ridiculous! How can you build any kind of neural circuit with just one gene?" What is your response? |
"What the book really means is: all else being equal, one variant of a gene is associated with higher levels of the behavior than the other variant of the gene. All the other thousands of genes are still needed to develop the brain. But variation in one gene can change how a certain neural circuit will behave." |
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A bird sanctuary sometimes takes over the care of eggs or chicks of an endangered duck species if the parents are killed. They are sometimes able to use mothers of farm ducks to cross-foster the chicks, but it doesn't always work. Looking at the following data table, what is the critical period for imprinting in this species? (Note: DAH stands for "days after hatching".) |
The critical period ends sometime between 3-8 DAH. We can not determine from this data when the critical period begins. |
