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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why do people join groups? |
Social approval Groups of friends give you acceptance, sense of belonging, make you feel good etc. Knowledge I.e. People join study groups, groups for diseases Goal attainment Join network of people because you all want a certain career, etc. |
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Additive task |
Individual contributions added together make up group effort. i.e. Ask group to clap, how loud the group is a sum of how much each person claps. |
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Compensatory task = |
Individual contributions average to make up group effort. |
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Disjunctive task |
Only 1 solution to task Only 1 person in the group must complete task for the whole group to succeed. Example: Pictionary, but only one person in the group is really good at it, so they go every turn. Success depends on most competent group member |
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Conjunctive task |
All group members must complete task for group to succeed Example: Relay racing, everyone has to do well. Success depends on LEAST COMPETENT group member. |
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4 rules of brainstorming |
Criticism is ruled out Freewheeling suggestions are welcomed Quantity is wanted Combinations & improvements sought |
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Mainfindings of research in brainstorming: |
Brainstorming groups perform WORSE than individuals brainstorming alone. |
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Social facilitation |
Presence of others facilitates task performance (e.g., perform tasks better) |
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SOCIAL INHIBITION |
esenceof others inhibits task performance (e.g, perform tasks worse) |
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2 distinct leadership styles |
Task-oriented leader Focus on getting the task completed. Doesn't care if people get along, etc. Relationship-oriented leader Higher priority is focusing on relationship within the group. Focus on people working well with one another. |
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3 types of group situations |
High control situation Moderate control situation Low control situation (People do not get along, leader not respected, etc.) |
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Attraction |
Positive,neutral or negative attitude towards others. General evaluation of other people (e.g., like or dislike) |
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Familiarity |
The more familiar you are with something (or someone), the more you like it. "Mere exposure effect" (Zajonc) Only for neutral or positive stimuli, NOT for negative stimuli. |
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Proximity |
We tend to like stimuli that are physically close to us (proximal) better. Reasons proximity increases attraction Proximity increases familiarity. Greater availability/opportunity. Expecting future interaction -> focus on + qualities. |
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Factors influencing interpersonal attraction. |
Familiarity Proximity Similarity Physical attraction Desirable personality |
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Define social facilitation |
presence of others facilitates task performance (eg. perform tasks better). Task performance is better in the presence of others However, we sometimes perform worse |
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3 causes of arousal (explanations) for social facilitation |
Mere presence hypothesis (zajonc) Evaluation apprehension explanation Distraction conflict model (baron) |
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Describe attraction |
Attraction: positive, neutral, or negative attitude towards others General evaluation of other people eg.) like or dislike |
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3 factors influencing attraction |
Familiarity: the more familiar you are with someone the more you like it Proximity: we tend to like stimuli that are physically close to us Proximity increases familiarity Greater availability/ opportunity Expecting future interaction → focus on + qualities Similarity: we like people who are similar to us Physical attraction: we like physically attractive people better than people who are not attractive |
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Effective (emotional) aggression |
Usually preceded by strong negative emotional state (eg., anger) Main goal: harm person |
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Instrumental aggression |
Not preceded by strong negative emotional state Main goal: obtain desired object |
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Darley’s 5 step model of helping |
1. Notice the event 2. Interpret the event as an emergency 3. Take responsibility for providing help 4. Know the appropriate form of help 5. Implement the decision to help |
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Reasons for bystander effect |
Ambiguity - > breakdown in step 2 of model You are not sure if the event is an actual emergency or not. Example: Hear gunshots, but think it is firecrackers. Diffusion of responsibility - > Breakdown in step 3 of model You think someone else will take responsibility and provide the help. Evaluation apprehension - >Breakdown in step 5 of model You are concerned with how you would be evaluated if you decide to help (afraid of making a mistake, or being judged |
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Social learning (aggression influence) |
All behavior is learned by modeling and imitation “Bobo doll study”: Assumptions: Aggression is learned by modeling and imitation. Bandura et al (1961) -- "bobo doll" study. Kids who observed adult "model" non-aggressive or aggressive behavior with toy "bobo doll" Results: Children who observed aggressive behavior imitated aggressive behavior. |
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Frustration- aggression hypothesis |
frustration causes aggression |
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Social cognition (influence on aggression) |
Aggressive people process information differently than non-aggressive people |
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Love vs Liking |
Liking = feelings of respect Value other person’s company. i.e. Your feelings towards a really good friend. Love = exclusiveness or absorption need for affiliation or dependency predisposition to help When together: only each other matter When not together: feel empty |
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3 components of love |
Intimacy Passion decision/ commitment: |
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Intimacy |
emotional bond you have with someone |
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Passion |
physical drives associative with someone/ motivation component |
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decision/ commitment |
cognitive component of love Decision towards love, and commitment towards that person |
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6 Different "love styles" |
Eros Ludus Storge Mania Agape Pragma |
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Negative affect reciprocity: |
Negative feelings communicate back and forth. I.E., crying and/or scream to each other. |
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Paulu’s model of group brainstorming |
Evaluation apprehension: concern of how other people is going to evaluate you Free riding or social loafing: when we perform tasks in groups we don’t put effort Production blocking: only happens in groups Social comparison: we want to evaluate our abilities so that we can compare to other individuals |