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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water |
Polar molecule, good solvent, can form strong hydrogen bonds |
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Hydrophilic |
Polar molecules (covalent bonds) may dissolve in water |
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Hydrophobic |
Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water |
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Hydrogen bond Q1 |
Weak bond formed between two polar molecules based on opposite charging attracting |
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Hydrogen bond Q2
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Forms between electropositive H atoms and electronegative O or N atoms |
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hydrogen bond Q3 |
Forms between water molecules; responsible for surface tension and capillarity |
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hydrogen bond Q4 |
Forms between amino acids on a protein to produce the 3D structure of the protein |
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hydrogen bond Q5 |
Holds the two strands of the DNA molecule together. |
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Buffers Q1 |
_________ stabilize pH in a solution |
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What are the 2 components of buffers? |
Weak acid & Weak base |
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Buffers in blood, two molecules stabilize pH |
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). |
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Bicarbonate neutralizes excess _______ |
acid |
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Carbonic acid neutralizes excess ______ |
base |
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Normal pH range |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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Acidosis pH? |
< 7.35 |
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Alkalosis pH? |
> 7.45 |
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if blood falls below pH 7.35, the condition is called ________ |
acidosis |
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if blood rises above pH 7.45, the condition is called _________ |
alkalosis |
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Carbonyl (CO) Note: The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Hydroxyl (OH) Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Sulfhydryl (SH) Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Amino (NH2) Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Carboxyl (COOH) Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Phosphate (H2PO4)
Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule |
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Ketone Notes: Classes of organic molecules can be named according to their functional groups. ketones, for example, have a carbonyl group within the carbon chain. |
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Organic acid Notes: all organic acids (acetic acid, citric acids, lactic acid, and others) have a carboxyl group. |
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Aldehyde Notes: an organic compound containing the group —CHO, formed by the oxidation of alcohols. |
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Alcohol Notes: an organic molecule is an alcohol if it has a hydroxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon chain. |
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Carbohydrates Q1 |
Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
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Carbohydrates Q2 |
serve as a major source of energy in the body |
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Carbohydrates Q3 |
includes sugars and starches |
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-ose suffix |
sugars |
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Monosaccharide |
simple sugar, one carbon ring 1) Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose 2) Formula is C6H12O6 – structural isomers |
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Disaccharide |
two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond; examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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Glucose Note: These are Glucose, Galactose and fructose All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6 but arranged in slightly different ways. |
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Galactose Note: These are Glucose, Galactose and fructose All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6 but arranged in slightly different ways. |
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Fructose Note: These are Glucose, Galactose and fructose All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6 but arranged in slightly different ways. |
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Polysaccharide
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several monosaccharides (generally glucose) joined together
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Starch |
plant storage of sugar; composed of thousands of glucose molecules |
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Glycogen |
sugar storage in an animal cell; glycogen does not pull in water via osmosis as simple sugars do. |
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Cellulose |
makes up cell walls of plants; cellulose is not digestible by humans. |
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Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q1 |
Covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together are formed via dehydration synthesis where a hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule, and a hydroxyl group is removed from another to form water. |
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Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q2 |
Hydrolysis breaks bonds between monosaccharides; add water and split the molecule |
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Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q3 |
These processes are also used to build/break fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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Dehydration synthesis of disaccarides |
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Dehydration synthesis of disaccarides |
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The hydrolysis of starch Note: the polysaccharide is first hydrolyzed into disaccharides (maltose) |
Disaccharides (maltose) |
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Disaccharides (maltose) into monosaccharides (glucose) |
Monosaccharides (glucose) |
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Lipids |
Lipids consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and rings that makes them hydrophobic (insoluble in water). |
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q1 |
Include fats (solids) and oils (liquids) |
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q2 |
Composed of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids |
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q3 |
1)Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol 2)Fatty acid – long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a carbonyl (COOH) at one endIf every carbon on the fatty acid chain shares a single pair, the fatty acid is saturated.If there are double bonds between carbons, the fatty acid is unsaturated. |
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q4 |
Also called neutral fats when stored in adipose tissue |
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A saturated fatty acid
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Palmitic acid
Notes: If the carbon atoms within the hydrocarbon chain joined by single covalent bonds so that each carbon atoms can also bond with 2 hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is said to be saturated. |
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an unsaturated fatty acid
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Linolenic acid
Notes: If there are a number of double covalent bonds within the hydrocarbon chain so that each carbon atom can bound with only 1 hydrogen atom, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated. |
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A) Oleic Acid B) Cis double bond Notes: Oleic acid is naturally occurring fatty acid with one double bond. notice that both hydrogen atoms (yellow) on the carbons that share this double bond are on the same side of molecule this called the cis configuration. the cis configuration make s this naturally occurring fatty acid bend. |
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A) Elaidic Acid B) Trans double bond Notes: Elaidic acid is the same size as Oleic acid and also has a double bond, but its hydrogens here are on opposite sides of the molecule, known as the trans configuration. this make the fatty acid stay straight more like a saturated fatty acid. |
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Ketone Bodies Q1
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Hydrolysis of triglycerides forms free fatty acids in the blood. These can be used for energy or converted into ketone bodies by the liver. |
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Ketone Bodies Q2 |
Strict low-carbohydrate diets and uncontrolled diabetes can result in elevated ketone levels, called ketosis. |
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Ketone Bodies Q3 |
Ketone levels high enough to lower pH can cause ketoacidosis, which can lead to coma and death. |
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1)These include four carbon long acidic molecules (acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) and acetone. 2)Acetoacetic acid, an acidic ketone body, can spontaneously decarboxylate (lose carbondioxide) to form acetone. Acetone is a volatile ketone body that escapes in the exhaled breath, thereby lending a "fruity" smell to the breath of people with ketosis. |
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Phospholipids Q1 |
Lipids with a phosphate group, which makes them polar.
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Phospholipids Q2 |
Major component of cell membranes as a double layer, with hydrophilic phosphates pointing outward on each side and hydrophobic fatty acids and glycerol pointing inward. |
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Phospholipids Q3 |
As micelles, phospholipids can act as surfactants. The polar nature of the molecule decreases the surface tension of water. Note: Surfactant keeps lungs from collapsing. |
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