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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The WHO definition of health -
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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Characteristics of "Health" in 2011.
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Have changed over time
Not simply the absence of disease Must be defined in terms of the individual Vary among age groups, genders, races, cultures Becoming increasingly holistic |
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Models of health and illness are -
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Based in theory, represent different ways of approaching a complex issue, provide a framework for understanding complex relationships, help nurses to predict clients' behavior
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Internal variables that may influence health beliefs include:
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Developmental Stage, Intellect, Perception of functioning, Emotional factors, Spiritual Factors
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External variables that may influence health beliefs include:
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Family practices, Socioeconomic background, Cultural background
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Leading health indicators noted in Healthy People 2010
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Physical Activity, Overweight and obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, responsible sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, environmental quality,access to healthcare.
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Health Promotion
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measures taken to maintain or enhance current level of health (i.e. exercise)
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Prevention aims to
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protect clients from actual or potential health threats (i.e. immunization).
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Considering the role of the nurse, promotion of wellness involves -
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Teaching self-care (i.e. stress management)
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Risk factors may be considered _______ or __________.
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Modifiable or Nonmodifiable
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Examples of risk factors include -
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Genetic makeup, age, environment, lifestyle, gender
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Effective illness prevention involves 4 components -
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Identification of risk factors
Health Screening Risk Factor Modification Education and Teaching |
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6 stages of behavior modification -
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No intention, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
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Maintenance of change can only be achieved if
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it is integrated into lifestyle
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secondary prevention (Screening) for Cardiovascular Disease
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Screen for hyperlipidemia every 5 years
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Screening for opthalmologic disease
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Glaucoma screening yearly over age 40
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Colon cancer prevention (adult)
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Rectal Exam - yearly after age 50 or with provider discretion over age 40
Occult blood in stool - yearly after age 50 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy - every 5 years after age 50 Colonoscopy - every 8 yrs after age 50 |
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Gynecologic cancer prevention (adult)
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Certical cancer screening at age 21 or when sexually active
Breast cancer screening annually Chlamydia screening in high risk populations Pelvic exam yearly |
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Prostate screening
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Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) yearly after age 50
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Adult immunizations
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Tetanus vaccine - every 10 yrs
Measles vaccine - 1 booster if born after 1956 Rubella vaccine - fertile women without proof of immunity Influenza vaccine - annually pneumococcus vaccine - One dose after age 65 or asplenic Tuberculin Skin Test - any patient at high risk Hepatitis B screening and immunization - anyone at risk |
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Childhood screenings include -
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screening for congenital anomalies, metabolic disease, hearing, eyesight, scoliosis, cardiovascular disease, lead exposure, asthma, risk factors.
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Illness is -
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A state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
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Characteristics of acute illness
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Severe, abrupt, intense appearance of symptoms (<6 mo), can be life-threatening
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Characteristics of chronic illness
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persists longer than 6 mo, level of functioning may vary, may include relapses or exacerbations, condition becomes part of the patient (normalization), may be life threatening.
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Illness behavior
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New actions that are a result of illness - includes monitoring, interpretation of symptoms, action taken, use of health care system, etc. These actions are influenced by internal and external factors.
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Other impacts of illness on client and family
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Behavioral and emotional changes
Body image self-concept family roles family dynamics |
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Health Belief Model
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Focuses on the connection between a person's health beliefs and their health behavior.
1st component involves susceptibility to an illness (i.e. "I have a strong family history of heart disease so I'm really focused on maintaining my cardiac health"). 2nd component is client's perception of the seriousness of an illness ("my father has had 12 heart attacks and he's fine"). 3rd is the likelihood that a client will take preventative action based on perception of barriers or benefits ("If I only have 10-15 minutes to walk, I don't bother because it wouldn't do any good anyway"). |
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Model of Health Promotion (Pender)
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Directed at increasing a client's level of well-being. Designed to be a "complimentary counterpart to models of health protection". It defines health as a positive dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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A model that nurses use to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs. Basic needs must be met first followed by secondary and tertiary needs until the person is fully healthy.
Top: Self-actualization Qaternary level: Self esteem Tertiary level: Love and belonging Secondary: physical and psychological safety. Base: O2, fluids, nutrition, body temp, elimination, shelter, sex. |
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Holistic Health Models
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Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health. Client participates and accepts some responsibility for aspects of health maintenance.
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Transtheoretical Model of Change
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assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual through the stages of change to action and maintenance.
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Acute illness
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Typically has a short duration and is severe. The symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and often subside after a relatively short period.
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Chronic illness
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Typically lasts longer than 6 months. Symptoms my decrease and then relapse. Clients and families go through a process of normalization in which they adapt to life with the disease
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Health behavior change
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A change in behavior specifically aimed at improving health status. i.e. quitting smoking, exercising more often
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health behaviors
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Positive health behaviors are activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness. Examples include immunizations, proper sleep paterns, exercise and attention to nutrition.
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Passive strategies of health promotion
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Individuals benefit without having to take any action. Examples include fluoridation of public water and fortification of milk and flour.
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Who wrote the influential document "Healthy People", first published in 1979?
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The Surgeon General - it is a report on health promotion and disease prevention issues of the time. Healthy People 2010 was recently published and includes updated emphasis on key areas of health that are specifically targeted to our current society.
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Risk factor is
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any situation, habit, or social, environmental, physiological, spiritual, deveopmental, intellectual or psychological condition that increases vulnerability of an individual
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Active strategies of health promotion
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Individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs. Examples include weight reductions and smoking cessation programs. Clients must choose to take action.
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