Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of living organisms |
1. Cells 2. Metabolism 3. Growth 4. Excretion 5. Responsiveness 6. Movement 7. Reproduction |
|
Levels of Structural Organization |
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism |
|
Feedback Loops |
|
|
Homeostasis |
Maintenance of the bodies internal environment |
|
Negative Feedback Loop |
|
|
Positive Feedback Loops |
|
|
The Nine Abdominopelvic Regions |
|
|
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome |
Caused by collagen mis-production; causes easy bleeding and ongoing joint dislocations. |
|
Marfan Syndrome |
Caused by mutated genes for elastic fibers; causes extreme tallness and extremely long limbs; ongoing joint dislocations and aortal ruptures. |
|
Basement Membrane |
Has two components - the basil lamina are synthesized by epithelial cells and consist mostly of collagen fibers and ground substance; and the reticular lamina which is manufactured by connective tissue deep to the epithelial tissues and consistent reticular fibers and ground substance. |
|
Apical Surface |
Top of the surface of the cells |
|
Basal Surface |
Bottom surface of the cells attached to the basal paloma |
|
Epithelial Tissue |
-Consists of cells that are tightly packed together with no visible ECM. -Avascular and obtain all nutrients through diffusion. -The basil lamina and the reticular lamina anchor the epithelial cells. |
|
Connective Tissue |
Acts like Velcro and connects all other tissues in the body to one another. |
|
Muscle Tissue |
Composed of cells that can contract and generate force with little ECM between the cells. |
|
Nervous Tissue |
Has unique ECM cells can generate, send, and receive messages. |
|
ECM |
|
|
The ECM Includes... |
|
|
Tight Junction |
Hold cells tightly together making the spaces between them in permeable and thus preventing macromolecules from passing between adjacent cells. |
|
Desmosomes |
Are composed of integral proteins that link cells; act like buttons or snaps; increase the strength of a tissue by holding the cells together so that mechanical stress is more evenly distributed. |
|
Gap Junctions |
Link two adjacent cells; are small pores in adjacent plasma membrane is formed by protein channels and they allow small substances to pass freely between the cytosol of two cells. |
|
Simple Epithelial |
Consists of one layer of cells |
|
Simple Squamous Epithelial |
Consists of a single layer of flat egg like cells; Relatively thin so substances can fuse across it rapidly; forms the outer boundary of the serous membrane, lines certain parts of kidney tubules, and lines blood vessels. Regenerative. |
|
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial |
Square with a large central nucleus; relatively thin so substances can diffuse across it rapidly; found in the ducts of many glands and the thyroid glands. Regenerative. |
|
Simple Columnar Epithelium |
Appear tall and rectangular in section. May have microvilli or cilia; found in the small intestine, gallbladder, and kidney tubules. Regenerative. |
|
Pseudostratified Columnar Epitelium |
Appears Stratified; found in upper respiratory passages and nasal cavity and trachea where it is ciliated. Regenerative. |
|
Keratonized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
Consists of many layers; top layers consist of dead cells filled with the protein keratin; forms the outer layer of our skin; Regenerative. |
|
Nonkeratonized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
Found in organs that require protection from mechanical abrasion but need to retain the moist surface not found with keratonized. Found in throat, esophagus, vagina, and anus. Regenerative. |
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
Rare; consists of many layers; make up sweat glands; regenerative. |
|
Stratified columnar epithelium |
Rare and consists of many layers; usually ciliated; found salivary glands or ducts; regenerative. |
|
Transitional Epithelium |
Name for incorrect belief that its shape is between cuboidal and squamous; found only in urinary system where it lines the interior of the kidney, the uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra. Regenerative. |
|
Goblet Cell |
Found in pseudostratified epithelium. |
|
Epithelial functions |
Protection Immune Defense Secretion Transport into other tissue Sensation |
|
Microvilli |
Cilia like extensions on a cell created by folding on the cell membrane. |
|
Paracellular |
Passing between layers or pathways |
|
Transcellular |
Substances enter the cell and exit on another side |
|
Mucus |
A thick sticky liquid that protects the underlining epithelium |
|
Merocrine Secretion |
Package their products into secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis |
|
Holocrine Secretion |
Product accumulated in their cytosine and is released when the cell ruptures and dies. |
|
Gland |
Structure that forms and secrete product |
|
Exocrine Gland |
Usually multicellular and release their products to the apical surface of the epithelium. |
|
Endocrine Gland |
Lac ducts secrete their product which are usually hormones directly into the blood. |
|
Connective Tissue |
-Made up of cells and ECM -Two types: proper and specialized -Vascular |
|
Connective Tissue Proper |
Widely distributed in the body where it connects tissues and organs to one another and forms part of the internal architecture of some organs. |
|
Fibroblasts |
Most common resident cell; mature cell with properties of an immature cell; produce protein fibers and ground substance |
|
Adipocytes |
Resident fat cell; cytoplasm contains many lipids |
|
Mast Cells |
Largest resident cell; cells of immune system which contain granules that hold inflammatory mediators. |
|
Phagocytes |
Cells of the immune system; can ingest foreign substances; can be resident or migrant. |
|
Loose connective Tissue Proper |
Composed of primarily ground substance, fibroblasts and all three types of protein fibers; found in the lining of body cavities and as layers in the walls of hollow organs; vascular; supports immune cells and structure. Regenerative |
|
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue |
Contains bundles of irregular collagen fibers; strong and allows resistance to tension; found in dermis, around organs and joints |
|
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue |
Contains thick collagen bundles parallel to each other; resist tension only in one plane; found in tendons and ligaments. |
|
Dense Elastic Connective Tissue |
Consists of parallel strands of elastic fibers; allows organs to stretch; found in ligaments and blood vessels. |
|
Reticular Connective Tissue |
Contains many reticular fibers and leukocytes; interweave to form a fine network that supports small structures such as blood vessel; weblike structures act like a net to trap foreign cells. Forms part of the basement membrane, internal structure of liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. |
|
Adipose Tissue |
Fat. Consists of very little ECM; adipocytes and fibroblasts; two types: white which is cutaneous fat found in adults and brown which is similar and has more mitochondria. |
|
Hypertonic |
Lipid inclusions accumulate excess fatty acids and increase in size up to 4x |
|
Hypercellular |
Generally severe; number of apidocytes increase |
|
Specialized Connective Tissue |
Have more specific functions that connective tissue proper; three types - cartilige, bone, andblood. |
|
Cartilage |
Avascular; tough, flexible tissue that absorbs shock and resists tension, compression and shearing forces. ECM contains glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, collagen and elastic fibers. Found in joints between bones, in the ears, nose, and respiratory passages. Three types: Hyaline, fibrocartlige, and elastic cartilage. |
|
Hyaline Cartilage |
ECM consist most of ground substance; covers the end of bones where they form joints which creates a smooth surface with little to no friction. Found in the strenum, ribs, nose and most of the skeletal ends. |
|
Fibrocartilage |
ECM consists of collagen bungles with little ground substance; found in joints and invertebral disks |
|
Elastic Cartilage |
Allows tissue to vibrate and assist in detection of sound; found in the framework of larynx, the extrenal ear, and epiglottus |
|
Bone (Osseous Tissue) |
Calcium storage; bone marrow produces blood cells and stores fat; consists of two types of organic components which consists of cartilage and ground substance called osteoid, and inorganic which is composed of calcium phosphate crystals which make bone one of the hardest substances; 35% Organic; 65% composed of hydroxiapitite or calcium phosphate crystals arranged in osteon; regenerative |
|
Blood |
Consists largely of water, dissolved diluted proteins; transports oxygen; regenerative. |
|
Connective Tissue Functions |
-Connecting and Binding -Support -Protection -Shock Absorption -Transport |
|
Osteoarthritis |
Caused by age, joint trauma and genetic disorders, hyaline cartilage wears away and causes inflammation; glucosamine is essential for proteoglycan synthesis |
|
Muscle Tissue |
Specialized for contraction |
|
Smooth Muscle |
Consists of striated skeletal muscle fibers parallel to each other; involuntary; found on the wall of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels, the eyes, the skin, and the ducts of certain glands |
|
Skeletal Muscle |
Consists of striated skeletal muscle fibers parallel to each other and an ECM called the endomysium; voluntary; formed through the fusion of embryonic crlls called myoblasts; found attached to the skeleton, largest in the body have many nuclei. Healed by fibrosis |
|
Cardiac Muscle |
Composed of striated muscle cells; involuntary; containintercalated disks - gap juntions and modified right junctions that unite muscle cells; found in the heart. Fibrosis. |
|
Intercalated Disk |
The combination of gap junctions and tight junctions |
|
Endomysium |
Small amounts of ECM that surrounds muscle tissue. |
|
Nervous Tissue |
Makes up majority of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Two types neurons (no mitosis) and neurological cells |
|
Neurons |
Generate, conduct, and receive info in the form of electric signals called nerve impulses. Do not heal. |
|
Neurological Cells |
Much smaller cells surrounding neurons for support of reasons; have many functions that include anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place, monitoring the composition of the ECM, speeding up the rate of nerve impulse transmission, and circulates the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Regenerative |
|
Soma |
Neural body |
|
Dendrite |
Receives messages |
|
Axon |
Sends messages |
|
Membrane |
A thin sheet of water more tissues up line a body surface or cavity. |
|
True Membrane |
Do not open to outside body |
|
Parietal Layer |
Outside |
|
Visceral Layer |
Inside |
|
Membrane Like Structures |
On the external surface of the body and internal body surfaces that open to the outside of the body. |
|
Mucous Membrane |
Line body passages as part of the walls of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body; include the respiratory passages, the mouth, the nasal cavities, the digestive tract, and the male and female reproductive tracts, consists of a layer of epithelium the layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria) and occasionally a thin layer of smooth muscle. |
|
Cutaneous Membrane |
Refers to the skin |
|
Vitamin C |
Required by fibroblasts to make collagen |