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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Change in organic structure over time
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Evolution
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Natural Selection
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Three main points of natural selection
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1. Variation
2. Inheritance 3. Selection |
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The principle that, among the range of
inherited trait variations, those that lead to successful mating will be passed on to succeeding generations |
Sexual Selection
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Competition between members of the same sex leading to increased access to mates
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Intrasexual Competition
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Preferential mate choice – individuals with qualities that are preferred by the opposite sex are more likely to
reproduce. |
Intersexual Selection
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Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population
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Genetic Drift
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Random change in the DNA
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Mutations
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Small portion of a population establishes a new colony (the
founders are not genetically representative of the entire population) |
Founder Effect
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A small portion of the population survives some catastrophe
(again survivors are not genetically representative of the entire population) |
Genetic bottlenecks
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Inheritance is particulate True/False
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True
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The smallest discrete unit that is inherited by
offspring intact |
Gene
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Who discovered Ethology?
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Konrad Lorenz
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to
certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
Critical Period
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical
period very early in life |
Imprinting
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Tinbergen’s Four Why’s
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1. The immediate influence of behavior
(proximate cause) 2. Developmental Influences 3. Function (or adaptive purpose) 4. Evolutionary origins (ultimate cause) |
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Who came up with the theory of Inclusive Fitness?
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Hamilton
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The effects of an
individual’s actions on the reproductive success of genetic relatives weighted by the degree of genetic relatedness. |
Inclusive Fitness
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What did Triver's come up with?
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• Reciprocal Altruism
• Parental Investment • Parent-Offspring Conflict |
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persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of information |
Memory
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Focus on the
usefulness of consciousness and the utility of behavior |
Functionalism
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Questions that can be answered with
information/knowledge gained through observation and experimentation (evidence) |
Empirical questions
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The most important characteristic of a good
research idea is that it is |
Testable
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an explanation using an integrated set of
principles that organizes and predicts observations |
Theory
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Inherited and reliably developing characteristic that came into
existence through natural selection because they helped to solve problems of survival or reproduction better than alternative designs existing in the population during the period of their evolution |
Adaptations
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Characteristics that do not solve adaptive problems and do not
have functional design; they are “carried along” with characteristics that do have functional design because they happen to be coupled with those adaptations |
By-products
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Random effects produced by forces such as chance
mutations, sudden and unprecedented changes in the environment, or chance effects during development |
Noise
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5 ingredients to Adaptations
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– Function
– Efficiency – Economy – Precision - Reliability |
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The statistical composite of selection
pressures that occurred during an adaptation’s period of evolution responsible for producing the adaptation |
Environment of Evolutionary
Adaptedness (EEA) |
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Three levels of evolutionary analysis
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• General Evolutionary Theory
• Middle-Level Evolutionary Theories • Specific Evolutionary Hypotheses |
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Top down strategy is driven by what?
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Theory
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Bottom up strategy is driven by what?
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Observation
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Definition of an Evolved
Psychological Mechanism 1. An evolved psychological mechanism exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history 2. An evolved psychological mechanism is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information 3. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism tells an organism the particular adaptive problem it is facing 4. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism is transformed through decision rules into output 5. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism can be physiological activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behavior 6. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem Input Decision Rules IF |
Definition of an Evolved
Psychological Mechanism 1. An evolved psychological mechanism exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history 2. An evolved psychological mechanism is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information 3. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism tells an organism the particular adaptive problem it is facing 4. The input of an evolved psychological mechanism is transformed through decision rules into output 5. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism can be physiological activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behavior 6. The output of an evolved psychological mechanism is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem Input Decision Rules IF |
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Methods for Testing Evolutionary
Hypotheses |
• Comparing Different Species
• Compare Males and Females • Compare individuals within a species • Compare same individuals in different contexts • Experimental Methods |
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converging
evidence |
evidence from two or more methods and sources of data
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Men hunt not to provide for own family but
to gain status benefits of sharing their bounty with neighbors |
Show-off Hypothesis
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Explains why humans live where they live
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The Savanna Hypothesis
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Three Stages of Habitat Selection
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• Selection
• Information gathering • Exploitation |
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Ways In Combating Predators & Other
Environmental Dangers |
• Freeze
• Flight • Fight • Submit • Fright • Faint |
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The deterioration of all bodily mechanisms as
organisms grow older |
Theory of Senescence
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A gene can have two or more different effects
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Pleiotropy
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