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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define evolution
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the change in populations over time
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what is a naturalist? On what ship did Darwin work as a naturalist?
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One who catalogues plant and animal life in a given area and collect live and fossilized specimens; Darwin was on the HMS Beagle
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What scientists did Darwin draw from t build his idea of evolution through natural selection?
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Thomas Malthus
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What is competition? Give some examples of competition
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Competition limits the number of individuals that survive to reproduce; competition include competing for food and space, escaping predators, finding mates, and locating shelter
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define natural selection
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in nature organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations on to the net generation, while organisms without these variations ar e less likely to survive and reproudce
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What is artificial selection? How could i be proof of natural selection?
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It's the breeding of organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits
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Who is Alfred Russel Wallace?
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-Was another British naturalist who studied populations on islands near Indonesia
-Wrote Darwin to share his ideas about natural selection and together they presented their idea to the scientific community at the Linnaean Society in London in 1858. |
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What is the title of Darwin's book
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On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection
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Structural adaptions
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Adaptations in species develop over many generations to increase chances of survival in their environment
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Physiological adaptations
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changes in an organisms metabolic process
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Fossils
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A complete fossil record can show how organisms evolved over millions of years
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Anatomical similatrities
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similarities in structural arrangement that suggests common evolutionary origin
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Embryology
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Comparing organisms at the earliest stage of growth and development
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Biochemistry
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-All organisms share DNA, ATP, and other biological molecules
-The closer organisms are in DNA structure shows evolutionary relationship |
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Define taxonomy
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Branch of biology that names and groups organisms
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How are organisms classified today?
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characteristics and evolutionary history
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Who was the first to attempt to classify organisms How did he classify them?
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Aristotle; based them on land, air, or water dwellers - plants were grouped by stem characteristics
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What were some problems with Aristotle's classification system?
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-needed more categories
-many names for the same organism -some common names did not accurately describe the organism |
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Who was Carolus Linnaeus? How did he classify organisms?
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-he devised a system of grouping organisms into hierarchical categories
-system used morphology |
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List Linnaeus' seven levels of classifications tarting with the broadest
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What is Linnaeus' system for naming organisms known as?
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binomial nomenclature
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A cougar has the scientific name Puma concolor. What is its genus? What is the specific epithet?
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Genus - puma
specific epithet - concolo |
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How has Linnaeus' system of classification been modified for use today?
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-botanists sometimes split species into varieties
-zoologists sometimes split species into subspecies -modern taxonomists also consider phylogeny when classifying organisms |
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Define phyloey
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evolutionary history
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What are the five major characteristics used for classification
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cell type: may either be prokaryote or eukaryotic
cell wall: may either lack one or have one body type: either unicellular or multicellular nutrition: either autotroph or heterotroph. some can be very unique genetics: organisms have similar genetic material, but some have unique system of DNA, RNA, or protein |
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list the 3 domains and the kingdoms within those domains
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domain archaea: *archaebacteria - simple bacteria
domain bacteria: *eubacteria - complex bacteria domain eukarya: *protistia - single celled protists *fungi - heterotrophic fungus *plantae - plants *animalia - animals |
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Archaebacteria
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - archaea
cell type - prokaryotes body type - unicellular nutrition - chemosynthetic |
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Eubacteria
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - bacteria
cell type - prokaryote body type - unicellular nutrition - aerobic |
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Protista
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - eukarya
cell type - eukaryotic body type - unicellular nutrition - both heterotrophic and autotrophic |
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Fungi
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - Eukarya
cell type - eukaryotic body type - both unicellular and multicellular nutrition - heterotrophic |
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Plantae
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - Eukarya
cell type - Eukaryotes body type - multicellular nutrition - photosynthetic; some carnivorous because they live in nitrogen poor environments |
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Animalia
(list domain, cell type, body type, nutrition) |
domain - Eukarya
cell type - Eukaryotic body type - multicellular nutrition - heterotrophic |
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cladistics
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uses certain features of organisms to establish evolutionary relationships
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derive character
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feature that apparently evolved only within the observed group
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cladogram
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ancestry diagrams that use derived characters to show relationships; not universally agreed on
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dichotomous key
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an identification key that contains pairs of contrasting descriptions
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