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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Evolution
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Change in organisms over time
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Population
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Group of Species
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Species
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Group of organisms that can produce fertile and developed offspring
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Fitness
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Measured by an organisms ability to produce feasible offspring
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Presence of two genders each with distinct phenotypes
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Name all the Prezygotic Barriers to reproduction.
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Temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation and genetic isolation.
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Name all the Post Zygotic barriers to reproduction.
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Reduced hybrid viability and reduced hybrid fertility.
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What is Punctuated Equilibrium?
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Theory that there are periods of no change and then spurts of evolution.
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What is Gradualism?
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Theory that evolution is slow and continuous.
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Who was Charles Darwin?
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The father of evolution
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What was the name of Darwin's most famous book and what year was it published?
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The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection (1859)
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What scientist wanted to publish a similar theory to evolution around the same time as Darwin?
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Wallace
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What was the fundamental difference between Wallace's work and Darwin's work?
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Wallace only had the idea of evolution and Darwin had the scientific evidence
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What was the main purpose of Darwin's the origin of species?
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To provide scientific evidence that all species on earth derived from common ancestors through a process called Natural Selection.
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What is Natural Selection?
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Nature selects by allowing the most adapted organisms to est reproductive have the greatest reproductive success or "survival of the fittest"
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Explain the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.
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Populations reach an equilibrium of constant frequency of alleles when they are not evolving.
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Define Microevolution.
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The accumulation of small changes in a gene pool over time.
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What is a gene pool?
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Collection of all the alleles in a population present at a given time, (measure in terms of allele frequency).
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What does "q" stand for in the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?
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The recessive allele frequency.
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Define Genetic Drift.
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Certain allele frequencies are favored by chance.
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Define gene flow.
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Movement of alleles by migration of breeding individuals.
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Sexual Selection can lead to what?
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Sexual dimorphism.
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Define the bottleneck effect.
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After a disaster/hunting, a certain allele frequency becomes more prevalent by chance
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Define the Founder Effect
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When individuals colonize a new area and isolate themselves. They only carry the alleles that the founders possessed.
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Does Natural Selection act on phenotype or genotype?
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Phenotype
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Name the causes of Microevolution.
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Mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, natural selection, and genetic drift.
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What are the two types of genetic drift?
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Bottleneck effect and Founder effect.
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What are the three types of Natural Selection?
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Stabilizing, Directional, and disruptive.
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What is Stabilizing Selection?
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Occurs when the intermediate phenotype is favored.
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What is disruptive selection?
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When the two extreme phentoypes are favored.
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What is Directional Selection?
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Favoring one extreme phenotype.
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Define Adaptive Radiation and cite an example.
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The emergence of numerous species form one ancestral specie, that are introduced to new and diverse ecological environments, an example being Darwin's finches.
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Define a mutation.
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A accidental change in an organisms genetic make-up.
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What is polymorphism?
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When two or more different phenotypes exist with in a population.
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What are homologous structures?
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Same or similiar structures or body parts derived from a common ancestor.
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Name four types of evidence to support evolution.
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Fossil Record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular homology.
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Heterozygous advantage
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People with this phenotypes display better reproductive success.
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Neutral variation
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Variation in a heritable characteristic that diplays no effect on selection or fitness.
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Darwinian Fitness
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Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, in relation to other individuals.
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Biological Species Concept
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Population/group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed & produce fertile offspring
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Morphological Species Concept
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Classification based on oberservable / phenotypic features
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Genological Species Concept
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Defines species as a set of organisms that share a unique genetic history. Molecular data is used to determine
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How old is earth?
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4.6 billion years
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Radioactive Decay
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Unstable isotopes have a specific 1/2 life, in which they break into different smaller atoms
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What was Hutton's main idea?
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Gradualism
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What was Lyell's main idea?
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Uniformitarianism: same process that shaped the earth long ago, is the same process that shapes earth now.
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What are Analogous Structures?
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Structures with the same function but different structures
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