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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Motivation |
factors that activate, direct and sustain goal directed behavior
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Motives |
"whys" of behavior, needs or wants that drive behavior and explain why we do what we do
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Instinctive Behaviors |
fixed, inborn patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species
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Instinct Theory |
behavior is motivated by inborn patterns of response; e.g. Freud - sexual/aggressive instincts; William James 37 instincts (e.g. curiosity, sucking, cleanliness); McDougall (1908) 10,000 instincts
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Drive Theory |
(Clark Hull) biological needs demand satisfaction (e.g. food, water, sleep); based on homeostasis, |
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Need |
state of deprivation or deficiency
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Drive |
state of bodily tension arising from an unmet need (e.g. hunger, thirst)
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Drive Reduction |
satisfaction of a drive
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Primary Drive
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inborn biological bodily tensions; e.g. sexual desire, thirst
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Secondary Drive |
bodily tensions that are the result of experience; e.g. drive to accumulate wealth |
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Stimulus Motives |
innate biologically based needs for exploration and activity; (Harlow, 1950)
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Arousal Theory |
whenever the level of stimulation varies from optimal level, an organism will seek to bring in back; optimal level of arousal varies between people
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Sensation Seeker |
those with need for high arousal level
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Incentive Theory |
attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of behavior (pull versus push of drive theory)
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Incentives |
rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act |
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Incentive Value |
strength of pull that a goal or reward exerts on our behavior; manipulated by marketers to increase sales
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Psychosocial Needs
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also called interpersonal needs such as the need for affiliation (to be with others)
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Need for Achievement |
psychosocial need to excel at what we do
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Extrinsic Motivation |
desire for external rewards (money, respect, fame); means to an end
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Intrinsic Motivation |
desire for internal gratification (self-satisfaction or pleasure felt from achieving goal); goal is the end itself
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Achievement Motivation |
desire to achieve success ; seen in those encouraged as children toward independence and trying difficult tasks
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Avoidance Motivation |
desire to avoid failure |
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Hierarchy of Needs |
Maslow (1943, 1970) physiological (e.g. hunger), safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self actualisation; Maslow theorised that we are motivated to meet lower needs first but this is not always true (fasting to achieve spiritual insight); same behavior may reflect multiple needs |
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Self Actualization |
the motive that drives individuals to express their unique capabilities and fulfill their potentials
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Cognitive Needs |
additionally proposed by Maslow as need to know, understand and explore
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Aesthetic Needs |
additionally proposed by Maslow as need for beauty symmetry and order |
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Self Transcendence |
additionally proposed by Maslow as need to connect to something beyond the self and help others realize their own potential |
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Biological Sources of Motivation |
instincts, needs and drives, stimulus motives and optimal level of arousal
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Psychological Sources of Motivation |
Incentives, psychosocial needs |
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Process of Getting Hungry and Full Again |
blood sugar level drops, fat released from fat cells, lateral hypothalamus detects changes and triggers feelings of hunger that motivates eating, eating raises blood sugar, replenishes fat cells, ventromedial hypothalamus signals satiety
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Lateral Hypothalamus
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part of brain involved in turning on eating
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
part of brain involved in feelings of satiety
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) |
works on hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and eating; released by the brain when eating hasn't happened for a while
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Leptin |
a hormone released by fat cells in the body acting to curb hunger
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Obesity / Overweight Statistics in the U.S. |
1 in 7 adults severely; 1 in 3 children and teens either/or
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Reasons for Obesity |
too many calories, too little exercise, high fat/calorie food; portion sizes; some genetic factors; low basal metabolic (at rest) rate; behavioural patterns, emotional cues
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Risks of Obesity |
cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, cancer, premature death (6-7 years off of life expectancy)
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Set Point Theory |
brains regulation of weight around genetically predetermined level; metabolic rate slowed after weight loss
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Dangers of Anorexia |
cardiovascular problems (irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure), gastrointestinal problems (chronic constipation, abdominal pain); loss of menstruation, death due to suicide or medical complications
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Dangers of Bulimia |
potassium deficiencies, tooth decay (from stomach acid), severe constipation from overuse of laxatives
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Gender Identity |
sense of maleness or femaleness
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Sexual Orientation
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direction of erotic attraction
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Gender Roles
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behaviours designated by society deemed appropriate for men and women
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Sexual Response Cycle |
a body's response to sexual stimulation in 4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
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Vasocongestion |
pooling of blood in bodily tissues
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Sexual Dysfunction |
persistent problems in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm
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Biological Causes of Sexual Dysfunction |
neurological or circulatory conditions (diabetes, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, epilepsy, complications from surgery (prostate surgery), medication side effects, hormonal problems (testosterone deficiencies)
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Psychological Causes of Sexual Dysfunction |
negative attitudes toward sex in family of origin, failure to communicate sexual preferences to partner, relationship problems, rape, sexual trauma, (performance) anxiety, premature ejaculation
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Emotions |
feeling states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive and behavioral components;consist of bodily arousal, cognitions and expressed behaviors; complex feeling states that infuse our lives with color;
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Display Rules |
customs and social norms used to regulate the expression or display of emotion in a given culture
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Factors Influencing Happiness |
marriage; friends; religion; genetics
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Kinds of Human Happiness |
pleasure of doing things, gratification, meaning (finding personal fulfillment)
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facial feedback hypothesis
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mimicking the facial movements associated with an emotion will induce emotion in self
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