Essentials Of Dental Radiography Chapters 7,8,9,16,17

Front 1

A dye added to the non-emulsion side of duplicating film to prevent backscattered ultraviolet light from coming through the films and creating an unsharp image

Back 1

Antihalation coating

Front 2

An intraoral radiograph that shows the crowns of both the upper and lower teeth on the same film

Back 2

Bitewing radiograph

Front 3

A photographic film similar to x-ray film. Duplicating film is exposed by the action of infrared and ultraviolet light rather than by x-rays. Used to duplicate x-ray films in a contact-printer-type x-ray duplicating unit.

Back 3

Duplicating film

Front 4

The gelatinous coating on radiographic film containing silver halide crystals

Back 4

emulsion

Front 5

Designed for use outside the mouth

Back 5

Extraoral film

Front 6

Intraoral film packaged in a moisture-proof outer plastic or paper wrap. May contain one or two films, wrapped in dark protective paper on either side, and a thin sheet of lead foil on the back side of the film(s).

Back 6

Film packet

Front 7

The sensitivity of the film to radiation exposure. Fast film speed requires less radiation to produce an image. Slow film speed requires more radiation to produce an image.

Back 7

Film speed

Front 8

Component of the film emulsion in which the halide crystals are suspended

Back 8

Gelatin

Front 9

A compound of halogen (astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine) with another element or radical. Dental film emulsion is primarily, about 90 to 99%, silver bromide and 1 to 10 percent silver iodide.

Back 9

Halide

Front 10

Small circular embossed mark on the corner of intraoral x-ray film. Used to determine the patient’s right or left side when viewing radiographs.

Back 10

Identification dot

Front 11

Plastic sheet coated with calcium tungstate or rare earth fluorescent salt crystals. Positioned in a cassette. When exposed to radiation the fluorescent salts glow, giving off a blue (calcium tungstate) or green (rare earth) light. Produces a latent image faster than is possible when radiation alone is used.

Back 11

Intensifying screen

Front 12

Film that is placed in the oral cavity for exposure.

Back 12

Intraoral film

Front 13

The invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-ray photons. Image remains invisible until the film is processed.

Back 13

Latent image

Front 14

Radiograph procuced by placing the film against the incisal or occlusal plane. The patient stabilizes the film packet by biting down on it. In addition to the teeth, occlusal radiographs may show surrounding maxillary or mandibular structures. Depending on the film placement and angle of exposure, cross-sectional or topographic radiographic are produced.

Back 14

Occlusal radiograph

Front 15

Any smaller sized film packet used for radiographs of children’s teeth.

Back 15

Pedodontic film

Front 16

Image that shows the entire tooth or teeth and surrounding tissues. Peri means “around” and apical to the root of the tooth.

Back 16

Periapical radiograph

Front 17

Extraoral film for use in cassettes with intensifying screens. Emulsion is more sensitive to green, blue, and violet light, emitted when the radiation strikes the phosphors in the intensifying screens than to the x-radiation.

Back 17

Screen film

Front 18

Compounds of a halogen (either bromine or iodine) with silver. Dental film emulsion is approximately 90 to 99 percent silver bromide and 1 to 10 percent silver iodide. Silver halide crystals are sensitive to radiation. It is the silver halide crystals that when exposed to x-rays, retain the latent image

Back 18

Silver halide crystals

Front 19

Used for duplicating film. Produces a duplicate image that gets lighter the longer the film is exposed to light. Darker images result from shorter exposure times.

Back 19

Solarized emulsion

Front 20

Describes the side of an intraoral film packet or extraoral cassette that must face the source of x-rays coming from the tube.

Back 20

Tube side

Front 21

A chemical in the fixer solution that provides the acid medium to stop further development by neutralizing the alkali of ttof the developer.

Back 21

Acetic acid

Front 22

A chemical (acetic acid) in the fixer solution that neutralizes the alkali in the developer solution and stops further acton of the developer

Back 22

Acidifier

Front 23

A chemical (usual sodium carbonate) in the developer solution that causes the emulsion on the radiographic film to swell. Initiates the reducing action of the developing agents. Sodium carbonate makes the developer alkaline.

Back 23

Activator

Front 24

A machine that develops, fixes, washes and dries radiographic film

Back 24

Automatic processing unit

Front 25

A light-tight box with a filter cover used to rapidly process working radiographs. Usually in the operatory where the patient is being treated.

Back 25

Chairside darkroom

Front 26

Refers to the use of a chairside processor to rapidly obtain working radiographs. Often necessary during endodontic procedures.

Back 26

Chairside processing

Front 27

A light-tight room with special safelighting where x-ray film is handled and processed

Back 27

Darkroom

Front 28

A light-shielded compartment attached to an automatic processor so films can be unwrapped in a room with white light.

Back 28

Daylight loader

Front 29

The chemical solution used in film processing that makes the latent image visible.

Back 29

Developer

Front 30

Elon and hydroquinone, substances that reduce the halides in the film emulsion to metallic silver. Elon brings out the details and hydroquinone brings out the contrast in the film.

Back 30

Developing agent

Front 31

Developer reducing agent that converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver. Builds up gray tones in the image

Back 31

Elon

Front 32

Opening in an automatic film processor where the film is inserted for processing

Back 32

Film feed slot

Front 33

A stainless steel hanger equipped with clips used to hold films during manual processing

Back 33

Film hanger

Front 34

Opening in a n automatic film processing unit where the finished radiograph exits at the completion of the processing cycle.

Back 34

Film recovery slot

Front 35

A solution of chemicals that stops the action of the developer and makes the image permanently visible.

Back 35

Fixer

Front 36

Sodium thiosulfate, also known as “hypo” or hyposulfite of sodium. It is one of several chemical ingredients in the fixer solution and functions to remove all unexposed and any remaining undeveloped silver bromide grains from the emulsion.

Back 36

Fixing agent

Front 37

A compound of halogen (astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine) with another element or radical. Dental film emulsion is primarily, about 90 to 99 percent, silver bromide and 1 to 10 percent silver iodide.

Back 37

Halide

Front 38

(hardener): potassium alum, one of the chemicals of the fixing solution. Functions to shrink and harden the wet emulsion.

Back 38

Hardening agent

Front 39

Reduces (converts) exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver. Slowly builds up black tones and contrast.

Back 39

Hydroquinone

Front 40

The invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-ray photons. Image remains invisible until the film is processed.

Back 40

Latent image

Front 41

Securing an area against all sources of white light. Characteristic of a darkroom.

Back 41

Light-tight

Front 42

The process during which the chemicals of the developing and fisxing solutions combine with oxygen and lose their strength.

Back 42

Oxidation

Front 43

One of the components of fixer solution. Shrinks and hardens the gelatin emulsion.

Back 43

Potassium alum

Front 44

Restrains the developing agents from developing the unexposed silver halide crystals.

Back 44

Potassium bromide

Front 45

One of the chemicals (sodium sulfate) used in both the developer and fixer solutions to slow down the rate of oxidation and prevent spoilage of the solution

Back 45

Preservative

Front 46

The act of bringing out the latent image and making it permanently visible. Includes the following darkroom procedures developing rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying.

Back 46

Processing

Front 47

Stainless steel receptacle divided into compartments for developer solution, water rinse, and fixer solution. Used to process radiographs.

Back 47

Processing tank

Front 48

That portion of the radiograph that is dark. Structures that lack density permit the passage of x-rays with little or no resistance. These structures appear dark on the image.

Back 48

Radiolucent

Front 49

That portion of the radiograph that appears light. Dense structures resist the passage of radiation. These structures appear light on the image.

Back 49

Radiopaque

Front 50

The use of concentrated and/or hearted developer to quickly process working films, often with the use of a chairside darkroom.

Back 50

Rapid processing

Front 51

A super concentrated solution of developer or fixer that is added daily, or as indicated, to the developer or fixer in the processing tank to compensate for loss of volume and loss of strength from oxidation. The act of adding replenisher to the processing solutions is known as replenishment.

Back 51

Replenisher

Front 52

Potassium bromide in the developer solution that slows down the action of the elon and hydroquinone and inhibits the tendency of the solution to chemically fog the films.

Back 52

Restrainer

Front 53

Cracking of the film emulsion caused by a great temperature difference between the developer and the rinse tower.

Back 53

Reticulation

Front 54

Moves films through the developer, fixer, water, and drying compartments of a n automatic processor. Motor driven gears or belts propel the roller transport system.

Back 54

Roller transport system

Front 55

Special filtered light that can be left on in the darkroom while films are processed.

Back 55

Safelight

Front 56

Removes short wavelengths in the blue-green region of visible light. The longer wavelength red-orange light is allowed pass through the filter, illuminating the darkroom without fogging the film.

Back 56

Safelight filter

Front 57

Chemical change that takes place within the film emulsion during development. During this change, the non-metallic elements are separated from the silver halide of the exposed crystals, leaving a coating of metallic silver on the film emulsion while the bromide is removed. The process is called selective because the unexposed grains are not reduced.

Back 57

Selective reduction

Front 58

Provides required alkalinity of the developer solution to activate developing agents.

Back 58

Sodium carbonate

Front 59

Chemical of the developing solution that prevents rapid oxidation of the developing agents.

Back 59

Sodium sulfite

Front 60

Chemical of the fixer solution that together the ammonium thiosulfate removes the unexposed and any remaining undeveloped silver halide crystals

Back 60

sodium thiosulfate

Front 61

Principle of film processing. The length of time the film spends in the developer is based on the temperature of the developer solution. When the temperature is cool, processing time is increased. When the temperature is warm, processing time ids decreased. Film manufacturer will usually recommend an ideal temperature and time that will produce quality images.

Back 61

Time-temperature

Front 62

Device used to view dental radiographs. Consists of a light source illuminator behind an opaque glass.

Back 62

Viewbox

Front 63

Viewing a radiograph under white light conditions after only two or three minutes of fixation. Used when a diagnosis from the raediograph is needed quickly following the wet reading, the film must be returned to the fixer to complete processing.

Back 63

Wet reading

Front 64

A film that is rapidly processed when information is needed quickly. often used during endodontic procedures. However, short developing and fixing times, combined with minimal washing, result in a substandard radiograph.

Back 64

Working radiograph

Front 65

Images on the film other than anatomy or pathology that do not contribute to a diagnosis of the patient’s condition.

Back 65

Artifacts

Front 66

A term used to describe a technigque error in wich the central beam is not directed toward the center of the film. This produces a blank area in that part of the radiograph that was not reached by the radiation.

Back 66

Cone cut

Front 67

When the projection angle of the x-ray beam is directed from distal to mesial, resulting in overlapping error.

Back 67

Distomesial projection

Front 68

Using the same film packet to expose two radiographs. Results in an overexposed, double image error.

Back 68

Double exposure

Front 69

Refers to a distortion of the radiographic image in which the tooth structures appear longer thatn the anatomical size. Often caused by insuffiecient vertical angulation of the central beam

Back 69

Elongation

Front 70

to prove breach of duty the patient has to have documentation of?

Back 70

- physical injury
- medical costs
- loss of wages
- pain and suffering

Front 71

Distortion of the radiographic image in which the tooth structures appear shorter than their actual anatomical size. Most often caused by excessive vertical angulation of the central beam.

Back 71

Foreshortening

Front 72

(also called tire track pattern) image produced on a radiograph when the film packet is placed in the mouth backwards. The embossed pattern in the lead foil produces this image when exposed.

Back 72

Herringbone pattern

Front 73

When the projection angle of the x-ray beam is directed wfrom mesial to distal resulting in overlapping error

Back 73

Mesiodistal projection

Front 74

Leaving the film in the developer solution too long or using developer thazt is too warm. Overdevelopment results in a dark image.

Back 74

Overdevelopment

Front 75

Exposing the film too long or subjecting the film to an inappropriately increased kVp or mA setting. Overexposure results in a dark image

Back 75

Overexposure

Front 76

Term used to refer to a distortion of the tooth image in which the structures of one tooth are superimposed over the structures of the adjacent tooth. Most often caused by incorrect horizontal angulation of the scentral beam.

Back 76

Overlapping

Front 77

A black (radiolucent) line that appears on a processed film at the point where a film packet was bent or subjected to excessive pressure

Back 77

Pressure mark

Front 78

Cracking of the film emulsion caused by a great temperature difference between the developer and the rinse water

Back 78

Reticulation

Front 79

A white-light spark that creates a radiolucent artefact on the film

Back 79

Static electricity

Front 80

Not leaving the film in the developer solution long enough or using developer that is too cool or an old, weak solution. Underdevelopment results in a light image

Back 80

Underdevelopment

Front 81

Not exposing the film long enough or using an inappropriately decreased kVp or mA setting. Underexposure results in a light image.

Back 81

Underexposure

Front 82

optimal time/ temperture for manual processing

Back 82

68 f or 20 c for five minutes