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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Piaget's sensorimotor stage
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Birth to 2
Learning thru senses and motor interaction Achievements: object permanence deferred imitation |
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Describe Piaget's Preoperational stage
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2 to 7 yrs
Major increase in symbolic thought Strides in language Substitute pretend play (block as truck) Sociodramatic play (playing house) Limitations: egocentrism magical thinking animism unable to understand conservation |
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Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational stage
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7 to 12 yrs
Reversibility Decentration Conservation Transitivity (sorting) Hierarchical classification |
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Describe Piaget's Formal Operational stage *
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12 on
Abstract reasoning hypothetical/deductive propositional idealistic imaginary audience - always 'on stage' personal fable - unique and indestructible |
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Identify Piaget's developmental stages, including their range of applicability
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Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7 Concrete Operational - 7 to 12 Formal Operational - 12 on |
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Describe the systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model
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Microsystem - child's immediate setting including:
family, caregivers, classmates, teachers Mesosystem - interconnections among elements of the microsystem Exosystem - indirect influences on the child, eg parents' jobs, friends the community Macrosystem - cultural context |
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Describe fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Largely irreversible:
growth retardation mental retardation - leading cause in US irritability hyperactivity |
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When would a child develop an 'internalized conscience' aka superego
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As a result of the successful resolution of the Oedipal / phallic stage (3-6 yrs)
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How do the Ainsworth categories translate into adulthood? *
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Secure children
secure or autonomous adults Anxious-avoidant children dismissing adults; devalue attachment relationships; vaguely claim good childhoods Anxious ambivalent children preoccupied adults Disorganized children disorganized or unresolved adults |
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Compare Freudian to Eriksonian stages
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Birth to 1
F: oral E: trust vs mistrust 1-3 F: anal E: autonomy vs shame / doubt 3-6 F: phallic/Oedipal E: initiative vs guilt 6-puberty F: latency E: industry vs inferiority post-puberty F: genital E: adolesence: identity vs confusion young adult: intimacy vs isolation middle adult: generativity vs stagnation old age: ego integrity vs despair |
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Compare Freud and Piaget's stages
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P: birth - 2; sensorimotor
F: oral; beginning of anal at 1 P: 2-7; preoperational F: end of anal at 3 3-6 phallic; 6 beginning of latency P: 7-12; concrete operational F: latency (to puberty) P: 12 on; formal operational F: post-puberty; genital |
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Describe stages of language development *
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1-2 mo cooing
4-6 mo babbling 10-16 mo first words 12-18 mo holographic - 1 word sentences 18-24 mo telegraphic speech - 2 word sentences 30-36 mo rapid vocabulary growth 3-6 yrs development of complex grammar at the end of yr 1, discovery that certain sounds can get their parents' attention and help |
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Def: centration
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Tendency to focus on one detail of a situation to the neglect of other important features
from Piaget |
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Describe Ainsworth's attachment styles *
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Secure
child: exploratory mother: emotionally sensitive and responsive on return: seek physical contact Anxious / avoidant child: uninterested in environment mother: either impatient and nonresponsive or overly responsive on leaving: show little distress on return: avoid contact Anxious / resistant child: anxious in the presence of their mother mother: inconsistent on return: more upset; ambivalent; resist contact Disorganized child: dazed, confused, apprehensive mother: abusive on return: mixed avoidance, resistance and proximity seeking |
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Trajectory of step-father relationship re boys and girls
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Relationship with boys improves
With girls not |
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Def: fluid intelligence
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Active processing of information
culture free affected by loss of neurons and depletion of neurotransmitters |
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Def: crystalized intelligence
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Knowledge acquired through education and experience
Relatively unaffected by brain function |
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Describe the relationship between fluid and crystalized intelligence
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Crystalized develops through use of fluid intelligence
They are highly correlated |
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What does the Digit Span subtest of the WISC measure?
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Auditory memory
(it is a verbal subtest) |
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What parenting style is associated with delinquency?
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Lax supervision
Non-enforcement of rules Non-involvement |
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According to Gilligan, what fosters healthy identity development in early adolescence for girls?
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Staying connected to the self and others
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Risk factors for poor academic performance following a divorce
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Older
Male |
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Prerequisites for cognitve development (Piaget)
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Biological maturation
Environmental stimulation |
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Def: Client-centered case consultation
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Working with therapists to develop a plan to be more effective with their clients
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Def: Consultee-centered case consultation
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Working with therapists on their own problems, eg lack of skill, counter-transference
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Predictors of child psychopathology
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Maternal psychopathology
Low SEC Severe marital discord Large family size Parental criminality Placement of children outside the home |
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Def: equilibration (Piaget)
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State of cognitive balance
Need for equilibration motivates assimilation and accomodation |
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Describe fetal alcohol effects (in contrast to FAS)
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Symptoms less severe but are also largely irreversible
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Self reported sex problems in elderly women
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Decreased lubrication
Thinning of the vaginal walls Inadequate stimulation But not orgasmic dysfunction |
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Def: scaffolding (Vgotsky)
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Children receiving support from parents, teachers and more experienced others
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Def: inductive reasoning
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Reasoning from a particular fact the general rule
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Def: deductive reasoning
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Reasoning from the general law to a particular case
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Def: maturation
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Genetically determined patterns of development - eg learning to walk
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Def: canalization
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Characteristics resistent to environmental forces
Sensorimotor development is highly canalized; intelligence and personality less so. |
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Def: secular trends
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Timing differences in physical development among cohorts
Eg onset of menstruation |
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Transmission of HIV from mother to infant
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Risk reduced by AZT to mother in last 2 trimesters and to infant in first 6 weeks
Transmission rate in US is 25% Also contagious thru breast milk |
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When are separation and stranger anxiety at their strongest?
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Around 18 mo
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According to Thomas and Chess healthy development results from...?
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Fit between the child's temperament and parents' behavior
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When do stranger and separation anxiety begin?
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Separation anxiety begins around 6 months
Stranger anxiety begins between 8 and 10 months |
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Age at which social inhibition can first be detected
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2-4 mo
eg infants responding negatively to novel stimuli |
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Characteristics of pre-adolescent sibling relationships
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Conflict and closeness
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Aspects of memory most affected by normal aging
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encoding strategies
secondary memory (recent longterm) working memory episodic memory unaffected: implicit memory |
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Effect of maternal employment on children's academic achievement
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Generally good, unless the mother stays at home but wishes she were working, in which case it has a detrimental effect
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Manifestations of depression in childhood
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In very young children, psychomotor agitation looks like tantrums and irritability
In older children and adolescents, it looks like aggression |
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Desc: referential style of language acquisition
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Rapid vocabulary growth with clear spurts of acquisition early on
Emphasis on content words and object names |
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Desc: expressive style of language acquisition
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Early words are linked to social relationships and mostly pronouns and socially oriented words
Less clear than a referential style Likely to be boys or later born children |
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Effects of spanking and other forms of physical punishment
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Facilitates aggressive behavior in both boys and girls
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Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development *
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Pre-conventional
1 Obedience and punishment 2 Individualism, instrumentalism and exchange Conventional - middle childhood 3 "Good boy/girl" 4 Law and Order Post-conventional 5 Social Contract 6 Principled Conscience |
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Characteristics of aggressive youth
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More likely to believe that aggressive behavior has positive outcomes
Have a smaller social behavior repertoire Likely to interpret peer behavior as hostile Likely to focus on most recent (as opposed to first) event in a social interaction |
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Techniques for assessing infant perceptual ability
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Heart rate at any age
Sucking between 1 and 4 mo Reaching after 12 wks Head turning after 5.5 mo |
