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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
epidemiology |
study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations; derives from the Greek word meaning "upon the people"; study of factors controlling the presence or absence of a bug; addresses health at a population level |
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Hippocrates (400BC) |
man you hypothesized that disease might be associated with the physical environment, including seasonal variation in illness |
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John Graunt (1662) |
man who was first to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statistics |
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John Snow (1813-1858) |
an English physician and modern day father of epidemiology; used scientific method to identify cause of cholera epidemic in London; identified the water pump on Broad Street responsible for the disease |
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Lambeth |
water supplier in London that pulled water upstream from sewage; people drinking it had a lower cholera death rate |
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Southwark and Vauxhall |
water supplier in London that pulled water downstream from sewage; people drinking it had a higher death rate from cholera |
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Doll and Hill (1950) |
scientists who used a case-control design to describe and test the association between smoking and lung cancer |
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Frances et al. (1950) |
scientist who performed a huge formal field trial of the poliomyelitis vaccine in school children |
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Dawber et al. (1955) |
scientist who used the cohort design to study risk factors fro cardiovascular disease in the Farmingham Heart Study |
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study |
surveillance, observation, hypothesis testing or analytic research, experiment |
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distribution |
analysis by time, place, and class of persons affected |
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determinants |
all the physical, biological, social, cultural, and behavioural factors that influence health |
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health-related states and events |
diseases, causes of death, behaviour, and provision and use of health services |
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specified populations |
populations with identified characteristics such as precisely defined numbers |
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applications to control |
to promote, protect, and restore health |
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clinical practical uses of population data |
diagnosis, prognosis, and selection of therapy determined from large groups of patients |
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agent |
a necessary ingredient in the production of disease; may be infectious or noninfectious (chemical, radiation); may be single or complex |
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host |
biological and behavioural qualities of an individual; factors can influence the exposure to disease-causing agents and the occurrence of disease after exposure |
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environment |
external factors that affect the likelihood of disease occurrence, e.g. population density |
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analytic study |
discovery of key determinants and definition of natural history of diseases |
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intervention/experimental study |
assessment of efficacy and efficiency of methods to prevent, cure and alleviate disease |
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descriptive study |
description of the distribution of health-related states and determinants in the population |
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health services research |
evaluation of the process and outcome of services provided |