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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Outer fibrous (2), middle (3), and inner (1), layers of the eye made up of? |
Outer: Sclera (posterior), and cornea (anterior)
Middle: Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
Inner: Retina |
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Anterior chamber is?
Posterior chamber is? |
Anterior chamber: Space between cornea (anterior) and iris/pupil (posterior)
Posterior chamber: Iris/pupil (anterior) and cilliary body (posterior) |
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most common eye injuries and when should an athlete be referred? |
Abrasionas and lacerations most common, referred if the athletes vision is impaired |
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Immediate referral if: (8) |
Persistently blurred vision Loss of all or a part of the visual field Double vision Black eye global Red eye anterior chamber Object embedded in cornea Eye protruding Layer of blood between the cornea and iris-hyphema |
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Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Hyphema |
Accumulation of blood under/in conjunctival
Hyphema - direct blow to anterior of eye, blood collects in anterior chamber of the eye, prompt examination by opthamologist |
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Eye Assessment |
History - MOI Glasses, contact feeling of something scratching eye
Observation - color, debris, scratches, dilation, abrasion
Read chart or sign 20 feet away, both eyes |
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Eye assessment continued |
Peripheral field vision (difference right to left)
Depth perception (which one is closer?)
Tracking
Pupil (sphincter tear, neck injury, lens dislocation): size, shape, equality, reactions |
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Orbital fractures occur from what? who must be examined for orbital fracture? What are the signs and symptoms? |
Direct blow to eyeball
Black eye
Protruding/sunken eyeball, double vision on upward gaze, numbness of cheek, rhinorrhea (significant mucus from nose) |
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Blow out fracture: from what? fractures where? signs? do not do what? |
Direct blow to eyeball
Fractures fine bones in eye socket
Double vision when looking upwards
Do not blow nose |
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Treatment for Debris? (3) |
Do not rub eye
Use sterile water
Do not apply pressure (rupture anterior chamber) |
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Treatment for abrasiona/lacerations? (4) |
Do not rub eye for mild
Cover eyes for severe
Sterilize gauze pads placed over injured eye
Do not apply pressure |
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Corneal abrasions: heal when? roughing of cornea may last how long? symptoms? |
Heals within 24 hours
Roughing of cornea may last 2 weeks
May feel like there is something in eye still
Antibiotic ointment may be applied, avoid topical anesthetics |
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Corneal laceration is what? |
Self sealing - not likely to leak fluid from anterior chamber
Seek medical attention to treat for infection |
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Treatment for nosebleed?
How to tell if leakage of CSF? |
Pinch nose and lean forward
Do not blow nose
Possible fracture of oribifform plate of ethmoid bone
Leakage of CSF: Blood on paper - CSF seperates from blood and shows as clear spot in center of blood |
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Treatment for lid lacerations? |
If they cross the margins of the eyelid should be sutured immediately
Lid does help to retain fluid and the eye may dry out
If athlete has any of their vision impaired then they must be taken out |
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Ankle Sprains Stats
% of all injuries % sprains % strains % fractures |
11.8% of all injuries 84% sprains 6% strains 2.5% fractures |
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Inversion/Eversion sprain at either two joints?
Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
Abducton/Adduction |
subtala or talo-calcanean joint
talocural joint
midfoot |
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Sprains:
Supination
Pronation |
Supination - inversion/plantarflexion/adduction
Pronation - eversion/dorsiflexion/abduction |
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name the ligaments of the ankle and where are they? |
calcaneal fibular lig (left) ant. talo-fibular lig (top) peroneus brevis tendon (bottom) 5 metatarsal (pinky) |
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Inversion sprain affects what ligaments? |
Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular ligaments |
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Inversion sprain - MOI
Grade II or III if what tests positive? (2)
Most common lig sprained?
Muscles strained possibly?
Assess what rules to determine if X-ray needed |
Moi - inversion / plantar flexion
Anterior drawer or Tilt
ATFL ligament
Peroneal muscles
Ottawa rules |
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Inversion sprain grades |
Grade 1 - minimal swelling, decrease ROM, stable
Grade 2 - swelling , decrease ROM, instability
Grade 3 - lig rupture, swelling, decrease ROM, ecchymosis, instability |
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Ottawa rules, Pain in ankle: |
1) tender, distal 6cm post fibula 2) tender distal 6cm post tibia 3) unable to bear weight
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Ottawa rules, pain in the foot: |
1. Tender base 5th metatarsal 2. Tender navicular 3. Unable to bear weight immediately |
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Ankle Eversion, what ligament? may stress what bone? if isolated? |
Deltoid ligament, may stress fibula, complete tear (non weight bearing) |
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Deltoid ligament composed of |
Anterior tibiotala, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcanean, tibionavicular |
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Ankle treatment, address what complications? |
Muscle weakness Joint stiffness, decreased ROM Proprioception defect Ligament instability Excessive Scarring |
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How to decrease ankle pain |
RICE Crutches Tape Anti-inflammatory Physio modalities Activity modification Easy ROM |
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How to increase ankle flexibility? |
Stretching, mobilization
Strength, calf raises
Balance, eyes open/closed |
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Reintroduction to sport: |
Walk, jog, run
Change of pace / direction
Practice
Games
Ankle brace |
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High ankle sprian MOI |
Anterior distal tibial-fibular ligament sprain
When in ski boots / skate
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High ankle sprain symptoms: |
Pain, swelling, tenderness, over anterior distal tib-fib lig
Pain on rotation of talocural
Takes longer to return to activity |
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Other ankle injuries |
avulsion fractures Talar dome fracture jones fracture Navicular injury Subluxation peroneal tendons Posterior tibial tendon rupture Achilles tendon rupture Plantar fasciitis |
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Avulsion Fracture |
Frequent at ligament attachment
Tip of lateral malleolus, talus, cuboid
Tenderness of proximal shaft of 5th metatarsus, lateral aspect of distal tibi-fibula |
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Achlles tendon rupture, cause, sound, symptom, unable to, what test? |
Explosive movement, change of direction, acceleration Pop, tear, or hit in ankle pain, swelling, tenderness, deformity, unable to single leg heel raise thompson test |
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Plantar fasciitis: |
Overuse injury Morning pain - the first step is the worst Tenderness on calcaneal, heel pain stretch gastroc / soleus- longer stretch wear supportive shoes modify activity level |