Epaxial Muscles Of Neck And Trunk

Front 1

Where are axial muscles located?

Back 1

dorsal to the transverse process

Front 2

What nerves innervate the epaxial muscles?

Back 2

dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves

Front 3

Actions of epaxial muscles?

Back 3

Extensors of the vertebral column (neck, trunk, tail)

Produce lateral movements when acting on one side

Front 4

Three classifications of Epaxial muscles

Back 4

Iliocostalis system

Longissimus system

Transverseospinalis system

Front 5

Back 5

A. Transversospinalis system

B. Longissimus system

C. Iliocostalis system

Front 6

Muscles of the Iliocostalis system

Back 6

Iliocostalis lumborum

Iliocostalis thoracis

Front 7

Iliocostalis system innervation

Back 7

dorsal branches of the thoracic and dumbar spinal nerve

Front 8

Iliocostalis system action

Back 8

fixation of vertebral column

lateral movement when one side contracts

aids in expiration by pulling ribs caudally

Front 9

Iliocostalis lumborum origin and insertion

Back 9

Origin: wind of the ilium medially, with longissimus lumborum m.

Insertion: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and proximal region of ribs 10-13

Front 10

Iliocostalis thoracis m. origin and insertion

Back 10

Origin: cranial borders of vertebral ends of ribs 12-2

Insertion: proximal region of ribs and transverse processes of C7

Front 11

Back 11

A. Iliocostalis thoracis m.

B. Iliocostalis lomborum m.

Front 12

Muscles of the Longissimus system

Back 12

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m.

Longissimus cervicis m.

+/- Longissimus atlantis m.

Longissimus capitis m.

Front 13

Innervation of Longissimus system

Back 13

dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 14

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m. location

Back 14

Courses between iliac crest and C6 or C7 vertebra

Attaches to the lumbar vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and ribs

Fused with Iliocostalis m. in lumbar region

Front 15

Longissimus thoracis et lomborum action

Back 15

extension and fixation of the vertebral column

Front 16

What is the strongest muscle in the lumbar and thoracic regions?

Back 16

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum m.

Front 17

Longissimus cervicis m. attachments

Back 17

O: cranial thoracic vertebrae (continuation of longissimus thoracis m.)

I: transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae (4 serrations)

Front 18

Action of Longissimus cervicis m.

Back 18

extend the neck

unilaterally raises the neck obliquely and turns it to one side

Front 19

Longissimus atlantis m. location

Back 19

O: articular processes of C7-C4

I: wing of the atlas

only present in 20% of dogs

Front 20

Longissimus capitis m. location

Back 20

O: transverse processes of T3-T1

caudal articular processes C7-C3 or C4

I: mastoid part of temporal bone

Front 21

Action of Longissimus capitis m.

Back 21

extension of atlanto-occipital joint

extend head and neck

Front 22

Back 22

A. Longissimus capitis m.

B. Longissimus cervicis m.

C. Longissimus thoracis m.

Front 23

Back 23

Longissimus lumborum m. (part of Longissimus thoracis et lomborum m.)

Front 24

Transversospinalis system muscles

Back 24

Splenius m.

Semispinalis capitis m.

Rectus capitis dorsalis m.

Obliquus capitis caudalis m.

Obliquus capitis cranialis m.

Spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Mulifidus m.

Rotator mm.

Interspinales mm.

Intertransversarii mm.

Front 25

Transversospinalis system innervation

Back 25

dorsal branches of cervical, thoracis, lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves

Front 26

Splenius m. location

Back 26

O: spines of T2-T3 vertebrae, median raphe of neck, cranial portion of thoracolumbar fascia

I:nuchal crest and mastoid part of temporal bone

Front 27

Splenius m. action

Back 27

extend and raise the head and neck

unilaterally draws the head and neck laterally

Front 28

Semispinalis capitis m. parts

Back 28

Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m.

Semispinalis capitis complexus m.

Front 29

Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m. location

Back 29

O: transverse processes T4-T2

I: caudal surface of skull near nuchal crest

Front 30

Semispinalis capitis complexus m. location

Back 30

O: caudal articular processes T1-C3

I: nuchal crest

Front 31

Action of Semispinalis capitis m.

Back 31

raise head and neck

unilaterally flexes head and neck laterally

Front 32

Back 32

Semispinalis capitis m.

red: Semispinalis capitis complexus m.

blue: Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis m.

Front 33

Nuchal ligament location

Back 33

between spinous processes of C2 (axis) and T1 vertebrae

Front 34

Supraspinous ligament location

Back 34

along dorsal surface of spinous processes: T1 to the caudal vertebrae

Front 35

Back 35

Nuchal ligament

Front 36

Back 36

Supraspinous ligament

Front 37

Capitis muscles (name them)

Back 37

Rectus capitis dorsalis m.

Obliquus capitis cranialis m.

Obliquus capitis caudalis m.

Front 38

Recuts capitis dorsalis portions

Back 38

Major, intermediate, and minor

Front 39

Rectus capitis dorsalis location

Back 39

Major and intermediate:

O: spinous process of axis (C2)

I: occipital bone

Front 40

Rectus capitis dorsalis action

Back 40

extend atlanto-occipital joint

Front 41

Obliquus capitis cranialis m. location

Back 41

O: lateral surface of wing of atlas

I: mastoid process and nuchal crest of skull

Front 42

Obliquus capitis cranialis m. action

Back 42

extend atlanto-occipital joint

Front 43

Obliquus capitis caudalis m. location

Back 43

O: spinous process and caudal articular process of axis

I: wing of atlas

Front 44

Obliquus capitis caudalis m. action

Back 44

unilateral: rotation of the atlas on the axis

bilateral: fixation of atlantoaxial joint

Front 45

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Location

Back 45

courses from T11-C2

Front 46

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m. action

Back 46

fix thoracic vertebral column and raise the neck

Front 47

Back 47

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Thoracic portion and cervical portions

Front 48

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Back 48

semispinalis: courses between transverse processes and spinous processes

Front 49

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Back 49

Spinalis: attaches to spinous processes

Front 50

Spinalis et simispinalis thoracis et cervicis m.

Back 50

Cervicis: located dorsal to cervical vertebrae and ventral to nuchal ligament

Front 51

Deep epaxial muscles of the transversospinal system

Back 51

Multifidus m.

Interspinales mm.

Rotator mm.

Intertransversarii mm.

Front 52

Back 52

A. Multifidus cervicis

B. Multifidus thoracis

C. Multifidus lumborum

Front 53

Multifidus m. location

Back 53

courses between sacrum to C2 vertebra (axis)

Front 54

Multifidus lumborum m. location

Back 54

O: sacrum and mamillary processes of Ca1-T12

I: spinous processes of L6-T9

Front 55

Multifidus thoracis m. location

Back 55

O: mamillary and transverse processes of T11-T3

I: spinous processes of T8-C7

Front 56

Multifidus cervicis m.

Back 56

O: articular processes of T2-C3

I: spinous processes of C2 vertebra (axis)

Front 57

Back 57

Multifidus cervicis m.

Front 58

Back 58

Multifidus lumborum m.

Front 59

Rotator mm. sections

Back 59

only present in cranial thoracic region

composed of Long rotator mm. and Short rotator mm.

Front 60

Long rotator mm.

Back 60

O: transverse processes of T10

I: spinous process of T8

(skip 1 vertebra)

Front 61

Short rotator mm.

Back 61

O: transverse process of T10 to spinous process of T9

I: transverse process of T2 to spinous process of T1

(course between adjacent vertebrae)

Front 62

Back 62

A. Long rotator (8 muscles)

B. Short rotator (9 muscles)

Front 63

Interspinales mm. course

Back 63

courses between spinous processes

covered by multifidus m. in lumbar region

covered by longissimus and semispinalis mm. in thoracic region

cervical region located from T1-C5

Front 64

Interspinales mm. action

Back 64

Fixation of the vertebral column

Front 65

Back 65

Interspinales mm.

Front 66

Back 66

top: Intertransversarii dorsales cervicis

bottom: Intertransversarii ventrales cervicies

(note: caudal, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical portions)

Front 67

Intertransversarii m. course

Back 67

courses between transverse processes

between articular and transverse processes

between mamillary and transverse processes

Front 68

Epaxial tail muscles

Back 68

Doral muscles:

Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. (long extensor of the tail)

Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m. (short extensor of the tail)

Dorsal caudal intertransversarius m.

Front 69

Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. location/course

Back 69

continuation of longissimus m.

O: aponeurosis of longissimus and mamillary processes of L6-Ca8 vertebrae

I: Ca5-Ca20 (16 tendons)

Front 70

Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. and Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m. action

Back 70

extensor or elevator of the tail

Front 71

Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m. location/course

Back 71

continuation of multifidus m.

O: L7

I: last caudal vertebrae

Front 72

Dorsal caudal intertransversarius m. location/course

Back 72

between sacrum and the middle of the tail

attaches to adjacent vertebrae

Front 73

Dorsal caudal intertrasvarsarius action

Back 73

lateral flexor of tail

Front 74

Back 74

A. Iliocostalis lumborum m.

B. Longissimus lumborum m.

C. Multifidus lumborum m.

D. Dorsolateral sacrocaudalis m.

E. Dorsomedial sacrocaudalis m.

F. Dorsal causal intertransversarius m.