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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Environmental management
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the means of controlling or guiding human-environment interactions to protect and enhance human health & welfare & environmental inequality
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____________________ and managed natural systems are critical for human subsistence, livelihood, and quality of life
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Natural resources
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A lot of private activities determine to a large extent the fate of our environment
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true
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The state uses "police power" to protect public health and welfare to regulate ________________ activity
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private activity
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growth management
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aims to main the growth machine by controlling land use and development
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3rd sector is the public or Civil Society which includes
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nongovernmental organizations
environmental and citizen groups land trusts property owners |
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Nonprofit environmental clubs/ organizations
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National Wildlife Federation
Sierra Club Nature Conservacy |
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The Blues
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free marketers
positive bias technological optimists they believe the economic approaches are on track |
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The Reds
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hold various forms of socialism
they believe the "bandit" capitalism benefits a minority at the socially disadvantaged the environment is a distraction from social issues |
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The Greens
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see the world in terms of ecosystems
major threats are: resource depletion, pollution damage, and population growth neither anti technology or anti market |
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The Whites
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synthesists of the preceding colors
don't agree or disagree , optimistic about people and process; the "process" that will win the day |
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Frontier Economics
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anthropocentric view
resources are limitless and progress defined by economic growth |
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Deep ecology
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back-to-nature "biocentric" that honors all nature
often at the expense of economic growth |
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environmental protection
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characteristic of US policy in the 1970's
aims to lessen environmental impacts without significant sacrifice in economic growth |
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Colby
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has five paradigms
environmental management, ethical, political, economic, policy, technology, and methodological dimensions |
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Colby's resource management
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US policy in the 1980's
recognizes long term sustainability as a constraint to economic growth "getting the prices right" |
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sustainable development
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paths of economic, social, environmental, and political progress that aims to meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations
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three E's of sustainability
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Economy Environment
social Equity Engagement and Eternity (must break from short term planning) |
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environmental planning
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applies the process of planning to environmental protection and problem solving
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Environmental planning can be
reactive proactive integrative |
true
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Reactive measures
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try to correct prior environmental damages
ex) remediation of old dumps |
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proactive
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enhance environmental quality
Ex) land use controls to preserve wildlife habitats |
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integrative
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considering environmental factors early in the development
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rational comprehensive approach
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objectives
information alternatives impact assessment evaluation |
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incremental approach
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focuses on short term goals
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participatory approach
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suggests that neither rational-comprehensive nor incremental
aims to inform the public in planning & decision making |
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advocacy approach
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special interests, don't speak with one voice
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negative externalities
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pollution, wetland destruction, groundwater overdraft
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cost-benefit analysis
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costs & benefits that can be measured in dollar terms
equity -- distribution of costs & benefits |
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how effects are valued over time
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the dollar today is worth more than dollar tomorrow
therefore "discounted" investments |
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ecological economics
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emerged to improve economic valuation of environmental resources
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bequest value
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for future generations
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environmental law
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used to protect human health and environmental quality
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inverse condemnation
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rebuttle
on government unjustly "take" property |
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growth management
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policies, plans, investments, incentives, regulations to guide everything about development
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smart growth
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encourages development in existing infrastructure areas
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new urbanism
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compactness and aesthetics emphasis
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LULU stands for _______________
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locally unwanted land uses
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long-range general planning
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20 - 50 years
reviewed every 5 years |
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district planning
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cover small area like a neighborhood, business district, redevelopment area, environmental preservation
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functional planning
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infrastructure, parks and recreation, natural environment, housing, etc.
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implementation plans
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address the actions necessary to realize the objectives and strategic plans
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watershed management
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not a new concept
managing a water body requires managing the land in its watershed |
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stakeholders
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those effecting change as well as those affected by it
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social capital
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community's stock of social trust, networks used to solve problems collectively
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the main goal of stakeholder involvement is
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collaborative learning
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process evaluation
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examines the information and other opportunities that were made available to citizens
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computer photo simulations
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alter digitized photographs to show potential visual change due to development
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participatory land use mapping
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small groups for planning and opinions (7-10)
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conservation reserve program
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1985 - annual payments to farmers who retire highly erodible lands from production for at least 10 years
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conservation reserve enhancement program
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1996- high priority areas for higher retirement rents
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wetland reserve program
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1990-
annual rent payments and cost-sharing for farmers who stop farming on wetlands |
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conservation compliance
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requires all farmers to obtain an approved conservation plan to obtain farm program benefits
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natural resources conservation service NRCS
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provide a range of technical assistance to conserve and improve natural resources
1 billion each year |
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green infrastructure
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large parks, preserves, working lands, etc.
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land trust
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nonprofit conservation organization that accepts land donations, buys conservation easememts, negotiates with land owners
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the nature conservancy
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most well known
conserved 12 million in the country 92 million in the world |
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fee simple purchase
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provides all rights and guarantees protection but is costly - market value or land
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conservation easement / developmental rights
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restrict the owner from specified development uses.
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the basic components of a GI network are
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hubs and links
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hubs
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reserves, native landscapes, working lands, regional parks, community parks
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links
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landscape linkages, conservation corridors, greenways, greenbelts, riparian floodplains
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Maryland's GreenPrint Program
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$35 million for green infrastructure
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Regulatory Tools
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control on the type, location, and timing of development
zoning |
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Nonregulatory Tools
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land acquisitions
tax policies using infrastructure development |
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comprehensive plan
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vision of the future community
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conventional zoning
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use and density restrictions
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subdivision ordinance
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requirements for layout of streets, drainage, water, sewer, etc.
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agricultural zoning
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prohibits construction of nonfarm buildings
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overlay zoning
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aims to protect environmental resources in natural hazard areas
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conditional zoning
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specific use
high density requires a permit |
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performance zoning
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requires meeting cretain performance criteria
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transfer of developmental rights
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enables transfer from preservation zone to development zone
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phased development
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controls not the location but the rate of development
to keep pace w/ the provision |
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concurrency
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development plans can be only be approved if they are "concurrent"
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sliding scale zoning
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can limit the acreage of lots that are developed
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floating zones
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identify a zone and its requirements
but not its location |
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agricultural and forestal districting
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offers use-value taxation
right-to-farm protection |