Environmental Geology - Exam 2

Front 1

Atoms with a different number of ______ in their nuclei are different elements.

Back 1

protons

Front 2

Atoms with _____ protons than electrons are negatively charged (anions).

Back 2

fewer

Front 3

______ is very hard and translucent. _____ is dark, soft & flaky. ______ ______ ______ explain why these two minerals have different crystal forms & physical properties even though they are both made solely of ______.

Back 3

Diamond, graphite, internal atomic structures, carbon

Front 4

SiO2 =

Back 4

1 atom of silicon per 2 atoms of oxygen

Front 5

SiO2 compound is called ______.

Back 5

Silica

Front 6

The two most abundant elements in the crust are ____ & ____ which form _____.

Back 6

Silicon, oxygen, quartz

Front 7

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis is the longest word in the English language and =

Back 7

Silicosis

Front 8

Feldspars are _____ minerals.

Back 8

silicate

Front 9

The two most common types of feldspars are potassium feldspar _______ which has several types and _______.

Back 9

orthoclase and plagioclase

Front 10

Mineral changes at the surface that involve chemical reactions.

Back 10

Chemical weathering

Front 11

A key chemical weathering process is called _______.

Back 11

Hydrolysis

Front 12

_______ is the reaction of water with minerals to form new minerals that have water in their atomic structure

Back 12

Hydrolysis

Front 13

Another type of chemical weathering is _______ which takes place when original constituent atoms can be dissolved and removed.

Back 13

dissolution

Front 14

Silicate minerals that contain iron and magnesium in their structures

Back 14

Ferromagnesian minerals

Front 15

_____ and ______ are both ferromagnesian minerals.

Back 15

Olivine and pyroxene

Front 16

______ are elongated prismatic crystals that parallel the ______ in composition except for the water in their atmospheric structue.

Back 16

Amphiboles, proxenes

Front 17

_______ is a common amphibole.

Back 17

Horneblend

Front 18

Both ____ and ____ and ______ bearing amphibole are moderately dense materials.

Back 18

biotite, iron, magnesium

Front 19

Accumulations of _____ on the seafloor eventually become a rock called limestone.

Back 19

calcium

Front 20

The ___ _____ shows how classes of rocks are _____, how they are _____ in the continental crust and how they are _______ into one another.

Back 20

rock cycle, created, related, transformed

Front 21

Rocks that form magma are called ______ _____.

Back 21

igneous rocks

Front 22

_____ _____ rocks are cooled below the earths surface.

Back 22

Intrusive igneous

Front 23

Magma rich in silicon (called ____ ____) will form light colored rocks.

Back 23

felsic magma

Front 24

Magma rich in iron and magnesium (called ____ ____) will form dark colored rocks.

Back 24

matic magma

Front 25

_____ _____ breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces, principally through the action of _____ _____.

Back 25

Physical weathering, freezing water

Front 26

_____ weathering processes such as mineral ____, _____ and _____ break down and change minerals and help to "disaggregate" rocks.

Back 26

Chemical, hydrolysis, oxidation, dissolution

Front 27

Sediments are classified according to ____ ____; gravel, sand, etc. refer to a "___" and not a particular material.

Back 27

grain size, size

Front 28

_____ _____ form chemical sedements in oceans.

Back 28

Carbonate minerals

Front 29

The most common chemical sedement is _____ ______, the mineral _____ (CaCO3).

Back 29

calcium carbonate, calcite

Front 30

Where calcite is buried and litified it becomes ______.

Back 30

limestone

Front 31

The two most typical metamorphic rocks are _____ and _____.

Back 31

schist and gneiss

Front 32

Flaky mica minerals oriented parallel to one another (like fish scales) =

Back 32

Schist

Front 33

_____ is a two-dimentional sheeted structure in rocks.

Back 33

Foliation

Front 34

______ is a general term for rock material that is used for construction. It includes sand, gravel and crusted or broken stone.

Back 34

Aggregate

Front 35

The environmental problems associated with aggregate mining: the _____ _____ produced by quarrying, the ____ and ____ that may accompany mining operations and _____ and _____ concerns that may accompany transporting materials from mines to the sites where it is used.

Back 35

physical disturbances, dust and noise, congestion and safety

Front 36

The point underground where the rock first ruptures is called the ______ ____.

Back 36

earthquakes focus

Front 37

The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus is the ________.

Back 37

epicenter

Front 38

Transform plate boundaries cause many large earthquakes. A well known example is the ___ ____ ____ ____.

Back 38

San Andres Fault Zone

Front 39

The pulling apart, or extension, of the ______, and normal faulting along these ____-divergent plate boundaries causes many shallow, small to moderate size earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries.

Back 39

lithosphere, oceanic

Front 40

1811-1812 strong earthquakes hit the town of ___ ___, __ on Dec. 16, 1811. Seismic waves made the ground crack and roll like a stormy ocean. Crust buckled and changes in the land surface caused _____ and permanent changes in the ______ river.

Back 40

New Madrid, MO, flooding, Mississippi

Front 41

Author of the Elastic Rebound Theory

Back 41

Henry Fielding Reid

Front 42

The Elastic Rebound Theory emerged in response to

Back 42

Great 1906 San Franscisco earthquake

Front 43

What does the Elastic Rebound Theory state?

Back 43

Before an earthquake occurs, rocks are increasingly bent and deformed (elastic strain). At some point, the rocks can't bend any further and suddenly break, most of the time bending on a pre-existing fault. The rocks on either side of the fault unbend as they snap to a new position (elastic rebound) causing the vibrations we experience as an earthquake. Movement displaces rocks on the opposite sides of the fault from their original position and the cycle starts over again.

Front 44

When rocks on either side of a fault unbend as they snap to a new position

Back 44

Elastic rebound

Front 45

Occurs when rocks are increasingly bent and deformed

Back 45

Elastic strain

Front 46

_____ ____ (or _-___) travel through the earths body or interior and are compressional and alternatively push and pull (compress and expand) along their direction of travel.

Back 46

Primary wave, P-waves

Front 47

_____ waves cause the most damage during an earthquake.

Back 47

Surface

Front 48

_______ measure ground motion caused by passing seismic waves; record ____ as well as ______.

Back 48

Seismometers, verticle, horizontal

Front 49

_________ trace a permanent record of the ground motion in the form of a squiggly line on a rotating paper drum

Back 49

Seismographs

Front 50

"_____ _____" horizontal ground motion accelerations that are even more likely to damage buildings

Back 50

Base shear

Front 51

______ tells us the overall size of an earthquake.

Back 51

Magnitude

Front 52

The degree of shaking or its effects at a particular location is known as the _______.

Back 52

intensity

Front 53

Intensity is measured in terms of _____ and ______.

Back 53

People, structures

Front 54

The Modified ______ Scale ranks intensity on a 12 pt scale expressed as roman numerals.

Back 54

Mercalli

Front 55

____ or more seisometers gives the location of the epicenter.

Back 55

Three

Front 56

Loose, unconsolidated surface materials on bedrock can be a significant factor on amplifying ground shaking. These materials commonly soft _____ or _____ act somewhat like a hunk of jello sitting on a table.

Back 56

sediment, soil

Front 57

Unconsolidated surface materials such as ____ and ____ sediments are subject to liquification if they are poorly drained and saturated with water. Seismic waves that vigoriously vibrate the sedement can cause it to lose it's ________. When shaking stops, the ground becomes firm again.

Back 57

silty, sandy, cohesiveness

Front 58

After an earthquake, the first thing you do is ____ ____ ____ _____!

Back 58

turn off the gas

Front 59

Any segment of the fault that has not ruptured recently in comparison to neighboring segments is said to be a _____ ___.

Back 59

Seismic gap

Front 60

Seismic gaps represent a segment that hasn't moved for a long time and is locked into place, but _____ ____ builds up and finally snaps resulting in a disasterous earthquake.

Back 60

elastic strain

Front 61

For a prediction to be considered valid, one must specify with high accuracy the following three items:
1. _____
2. _____ (the richter magnitude)
3. _____

Back 61

Place, Size, Time

Front 62

Damage due to ______ forces can be mitigated by bolting frame houses to their foundations and by _____ walls.

Back 62

shearing, shear

Front 63

An example of a ______ wall is a plywood sheeting nailed to a wooden frame.

Back 63

shear

Front 64

Late Precambrian - incipient _____ is the formation of triple junctions and aulagogens 600 million years ago.

Back 64

rifting

Front 65

Over hundreds of thousands of years _____ volcanos become enormous.

Back 65

sheild

Front 66

_____ consists of five, younger, overlapping shield volcanoes.

Back 66

Hawaii

Front 67

When ____ erupts onto the surface it is called _____.

Back 67

magma, lava

Front 68

_____ is much less dense, and therefore lighter, than the solid rock of its surroundings.

Back 68

Magma

Front 69

Viscosity is the "______" of the magma.

Back 69

stickiness

Front 70

Smithsonian Institution keeps track of volcanos that have been active within the last ______ years.

Back 70

10,000

Front 71

The most recent really big caldera forming eruption in the United States was in the area of ______ ______ ____

Back 71

Yellowstone National Park

Front 72

Two rules to remember when an eruption occurs:
1. Do not run ____ ___ or _____ ___ (air will be sucked out, ash will be brought in)
2. Do not let ____ get ____ or _____ them if they're covered in volcanic ash (water activates acids in the volcanic ash and may cause severe acid burns)

Back 72

exhaust fans, clothes dryer
pets, wet, bathe

Front 73

_____ _____ are wide and gently sloping, similar shape to an upturned warrior's shield.

Back 73

Shield volcanos

Front 74

Lava can flow long distances through underground ____ _____.

Back 74

lava tubes

Front 75

Mafic flow fills in low areas and valleys and gradually stack up over many thousands of years to form thick accumulations of _____ _____. It does not build great mounds like ____ _____, but the magma erupted can be tremendous.

Back 75

flood basalt, shield volcanos

Front 76

____ ____ are a common volcanic feature where mafic magma erupts.

Back 76

Cinder cones

Front 77

___________ take the shape of towering, steep-sloped, and frequently symmetrical mountains.

Back 77

Stratovolcanoes.

Front 78

Volcanic materials erupted into the atmosphere are called ________.

Back 78

pyroclastics

Front 79

Pyroclastics consists of various size fragments of ash, glassy frozen magma, cinders, rock and ______.

Back 79

pumice

Front 80

_______ are large, circular-to-oblong depressions that form when magma chambers erupt their contents and the volcanic mountain above them collapses into the empty _____ ______.

Back 80

Calderas, magma chambers

Front 81

Calderas: the _____ the eruption, the _____ frequently they occur.

Back 81

larger, less

Front 82

What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) do?

Back 82

Compares one eruption to another and assigns an index 0-8 when comparing volume of material ejected, heigh of eruption column, style of eruption and how long it lasted.

Front 83

What are some benefits of volcanos?

Back 83

mining for construction materials, scenery, springs and geysers, electricity and fertile soil.

Front 84

____ ____ are places where voluminous mantle material rises and melts to form mafic magma.

Back 84

Hot spots

Front 85

_______ ____ is one of the most deadly features of stratavolcanoes. It consists of hot gases, ash and other solid debris that cascades down the flanks of the volcano up to ____ miles per hour.

Back 85

Pyroclastic flows, 100