Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Odonata?
|
long slender wings
long narrow abdomen minimal antennae |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Blattaria?
|
hypognathous head (below thorax, concealed by pronotum)
tegmina (leathery wings) flat spiny legs no pupal stage |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Orthoptera?
|
females have ovipositors
tegmina (leathery wings) |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Dermaptera?
|
pinching cercae
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hemiptera?
|
"beak" off the front of the head
conspicuous filiform antennae (threadlike) pronotum trapezoidal scutellum triangular |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Homoptera?
|
membranous wings or no wings(like aphids)
long antennae cornicles secrete |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Coleptera?
|
line between elytra
mandibles |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Diptera?
|
**haltiers
most have club-like antennae big wrap-around eyes |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hymenoptera?
|
constricted waist
hamules on wings (holds wings together) stingers (only women- modified ovipositors!!) |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Lepidoptera?
|
coiled mouthparts
labial palps scaled wings |
|
What kind of Colepteran has a snout-like mouth?
|
weevils
|
|
What order has hamules?
|
Hymenoptera
|
|
cornicle?
|
tubular projections from the abdomen of an aphid
|
|
scutellum?
|
a small plate on the thorax of insects, posterior to the pronotum
|
|
Tegmina?
|
leathery wings
|
|
Differends between dragonflies and damselflies?
|
Damselflies hold their wings upright
while dragonflies hold them horizontally. |
|
Term describing down-turned mouthparts, as in Blattaria?
|
Hypognathous
|
|
define holometabolous
|
"complete change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to pupa to imago |
|
define hemimetabolous
|
"half change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to imago no pupae |
|
define ametabaoulous
|
" without change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to several imago instars no pupae! |
|
define imago
|
Adult; the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from the pupa where the metamorphosis is complete
|
|
define instar
|
developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each molt (ecdysis)
|
|
define sub-imago.
which order is charachterized by this? |
exists in the Ephemeroptera (mayflies). Insects at this stage have functional wings but are not yet sexually mature.
|
|
what kind of life cycle is employed by Ephemeroptera?
|
Holometabolism with sub-imago
|
|
Describe the typical reproductive system of insects. (meiosis/mitosis, birth, chromosomes)
|
sexual
oviparous diploid with haploid gametes |
|
term that means ewgg laying?
|
Oviparous
|
|
cell with one set of chromosomes is called ___.
|
haploid
|
|
what happens in meiosis 1 & 2?
|
1: exchange DNA (2 diploid recombinant cells)
2: create gametes (haploid) |
|
Where is an individual egg stored in an insect?
|
ovariole (of ovary)
|
|
what is an insects "vagina"?
|
genital chamber (copulation takes place)
|
|
What is an accessory gland?
|
female repro: provides secretions for egg attachment, protection and nourishment
Male: provide secretions that mix with the sperm to protect and preserve the sperm |
|
what is a spermatheca?
|
stores spermatozoa or spermatophore
associated with a spermathecal gland which provides secretions |
|
What is the general term for an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation?
|
Intromittent organ
|
|
What is an insect intromittent organ?
|
the male aedeagus, whose function is directly analogous to that of the vertebrate penis.
|
|
paired organs which help the male hold on to the female during copulation are called...?
|
claspers
|
|
aphids exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
|
cyclical polymorphism
spring & summer: asexual repro & apterous autumn: sexual and winges winter: eggs |
|
a ____ founds a new colony in the spring.
|
foundress (as in aphids)
|
|
migratory locusts exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
|
phase polymorphism
-solitary and gregarious phases (differences in color & shape are hormone induced) |
|
eusocial hymenopterans exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
|
caste polymorphism
winged founders, workers, drones, queen |
|
what are 2 examples of insects that exhibit sexual dimorphism?
|
stag beetles, dobsonflies
males have big mandibles |
|
what is the term used to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year?
|
voltinism
|
|
what are the respective terms for 1 generation per year, 2 generations per year or more than 2 generations per year?
|
univoltine
bivoltine multivoltine |
|
what is meant by the term "semi-voltine"?
|
generations born every other year
(large insects, some cicadas take many years) |
|
most common strategy for mate finding?
|
pheromones
|
|
How do crickets find mates?
|
auditory
|
|
How can sperm transfer be direct or indirect?
|
transfer directly to female
or leave it behind on leaf or stalk for her to pick up |
|
live birth is called ____.
And what orders exhibit? |
vivapary (vivaparous insects)
some Diptera, aphids, Dermaptera, Blattaria |
|
The mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch...?
And what orders exhibit? |
ovovivipary
Thysanoptera(thrips), Coleoptera, Diptera, Blattaria |
|
development without fertilization is called...?
|
parthenogenesis
|
|
what is it called when 1 ewgg has more than 1 embryo?
|
polyembryony
(some hymenopterans, all the same!) |
|
male and female organs in 1 individual (but they work) is called
|
functional hermaphroditism
|
|
when males are absent, females repro asexually, when males are present, they switch to sex. This is called _______.
|
faculatative parthenogenesis
|
|
when the only option is parthenogenesis, it is called...?
|
obligatory parthenogenesis (as opposed to faculatative parthenogenesis)
|
|
aging after maturity is called...?
|
senescence
|
|
reasons for lifespan variation among species?
|
body size
habitat productivity nutrient density of food |
|
Reasons for lifespan variation within a species?
|
temp/climate
habitat productivity food quality |
|
a stage during adverse conditions when metabolism slows but life functions continue??
|
Quiescence
|
|
a stage of prolonged dormancy during which endocrine functions change, slow then stop?
|
Diapause
|
|
The kind of complete insect metamorphosis in which the different larval instars represent two or more different forms of larva?
|
hypermetamorphosis
(usually exhibited in parasitoid insects) |
|
what is a biological population?
|
an interbreeding populatiion
|
|
aspects of populations that ecologists are interested in?
|
most importantly: size over time/population growth/dynamics
also population size density age structure gender distributions behaviors (of popul.) |
|
define population dynamics.
|
changes in population over time
|
|
equation for population size?
|
previous pop size + births - deaths + immigration - emigration.
OR: N_t =( N_t-1) +b -d +i -e |
|
term for births per unit time?
|
natality
|
|
Term for deaths per unit time?
|
mortality
|
|
term for natality of an organism (but can apply to populations)
|
fecundity
|
|
exponential growth must slow as N reaches ______.
|
K: carrying capacity
|
|
name & describe the 2 types of hypothetical growth.
|
additive: a constant amount added
exponential: constant growth rate (can compile & compound) |
|
a hypothetical population at equilibrium is called____.
|
characteristic abundance
|
|
define outbreak
|
a population that rapidly rises above characteristic abundance. Usually only happens when colonizing a new habitat or under optimal conditions.
|
|
What is the name for an s shaped curve?
|
logistic growth curve or "sigmoid curve"
(N slopes off as it approaches K) |
|
define altricial
|
Greek: requiring nourishment
refers to a pattern of growth and development in organisms which are incapable of moving around on their own soon after hatching or being born *characteristic of K-selected species |
|
characteristics of K selected species?
|
few offspring
high survivorship best suited to stable environments usually larger bodied altricial (slow development) |
|
characteristics of R selected species?
|
many offspring
low survivorship more likely to outbreak- as they can quickly take advantage of good environmental conditions |
|
survivorship curves: type 1
|
eg: human
most die off in old age |
|
survivorship curves: type 2
|
death is as likely at any time of life
|
|
survivorship curves: type 3
|
most die before maturity
|
|
the time it takes to reach reproductive age is called...?
|
generation time
|
|
word for a generation ( all individuals born at the same time)?
|
cohort
|
|
What problem does generational lag time pose to future cohorts?
|
cohorts may not be able to adapt to changing conditions
|
|
when "N" exceeds "K" this is called...? and why is it a problem
|
a population overshoot: overconsumption of resources
|
|
3 possible results of an population overshoot?
|
oscillations, settling to equilibrium or crash
|
|
term for local extinction
|
extirpation
|
|
possible repercussions of a population crash?
|
very low numbers
genetic bottle-necking, not enough mates, especially in harems extirpation (local extinction) |
|
Density dependent positive feedback effects with an "N" increase?
|
potential natality increase
competing species may decline |
|
Density dependent negative feedback effects with an "N" increase?
|
intraspecific competition for mates & resources
predation & parasitism increase |
|
environmental factors such as temp, moisture, nutrient avail & natural disasters are density _____.
|
independent factoirs
|
|
Temperatures:
range necessary for enzyme function, and optimal range? |
enzymes: 22-35
optimal: 32-35 |
|
species interaction where both are harmed?
|
competition
|
|
species interactions where one benefits and the other is harmed?
|
parasitism and predation
|
|
species interaction where both benefit?
|
mutualism
|
|
species interaction where one benefits and the other is unaffected?
|
comensalism
|
|
describe pollen
|
packet containing generative nucleus (sperm) and tube nucleus in a protective coating
|
|
Plants and animals have been coevolving since the ____era ____MYA.
|
Mesozoic era, 265-245 MYA
|
|
What nutrients does the plant provide for a co-evolved insect?
|
sugars and nutrients in nectar
protein rich pollen. |
|
red flowers are ____pollinated.
|
bird or butterfly- other insects can't see red.
|
|
"landing lights" flowers provide for insects?
|
nectar guides
|
|
4 orders that are the most common pollinators?
|
Coleoptera
Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera |
|
______ insects are secialists to one type of flower
|
monolectic (eg orchid moths)
|
|
______ insects are generalists and visit many types of flowers.
|
polylectic (eg bees)
|
|
what are the advantages of monolectic and polylectic strategies?
|
monolectic- reduce competition, specialized food to suit insects needs through coevolution.
polylectic- many and diverse food sources |
|
How many species of bee worldwide?
|
30K
|
|
what is a good source of nutrients for egg production?
|
pollen (protein)
|
|
bee adaptations:
What are the clusters of hairs on tibia for polen collection? |
pollen brushes
|
|
bee adaptations:
ring of setae within which pollen is packed. |
pollen baskets
|
|
bee adaptations:
branched hairs that can pick up more pollen with higher surface area |
plumose hairs
|
|
bee adaptations:
tongue-like mouthpart for tapping and feeding on nectar? |
glossa
|
|
a fig is an internal ___that is always pollinated by a ______ ______.
|
inflorescence
monolectic wasp |
|
When orchids cheat male insects with pheromones it is called...?
|
pseudocopulation
|
|
describe the ant acacia relationship.
|
mutualism- plants provide shelter ands food, ants provide protection from predators.
|
|
list 5 basic trophic levels
|
primary producers
primary consumers (eg insects) secondary consumers (eg insectivores) tertiary consumers detritivores (bacteria & fungi) |
|
50% of species are ______, (meaning plant eaters)
|
phytophagous
|
|
list a few phytophagy strategies
|
leaf chewers
sap & cytoplasm suckers flower, pollen & nectar feeders leaf miners borers gall formers |
|
plant resistance to pytophagy:
nutritional defenses |
large quantity of low nutrition tissue
|
|
plant resistance to pytophagy:
physical defense |
hard seed coats
lots of sticky sap or resin |
|
plant resistance to pytophagy:
chemical defenses |
secondary metabolites made to inibit phytophagy from various insects
|
|
plant chemical defenses:
which can block digestion? |
protease inhibitors
|
|
plant chemical defenses: a seed insecticide
|
pyrethrins (in pyrethrum seeds)
|
|
plant chemical defenses: repellants made by symbiotic fungi of grasses
|
certain alkaloids
|
|
plant chemical defenses: hormone mimics that can interfere with insects growth, nervpous system, repro, etc.
|
insect growth regulators
|
|
insects that are host plant specific are called
|
monphagous
|
|
4 steps of phytophagous feeding behavior?
|
host plant recognition
bite/pierce feeding cessation, dispersal |
|
plant chemicals that produce negative stimuli
|
repellants
arrestants supressants anti-feeding comounds |
|
plant chemicals that produce poititive stimuli
|
attractants
incitants phagostimulants (eating stimuli) |
|
what is a negative stimulus for most insects is usually a positive for the correct _________.
|
monophagous insect
|
|
give 4 examples of insectivorous plants
|
pitfall traps (pitcher plants)
snap traps (venus fly trap) sticky traps (sundew) aquatic suction traps (bladderwort) |
|
eating insects is called...?
|
entomophagy
|
|
when predators contribute to the control of phytophagous insects this is called...?
|
top down control
(predator's predators can eliminate top down control though!) |
|
which order consists of ALL predators?
|
Odonata
(nymphs and adults) |
|
the most common strategy for predacious insects is....?
|
random searching
less common: ambush, hunting/stalking |
|
the rarest type of predation strategy?
|
trapping (eg cave glowworm)
|
|
name for a parasite that kills the host (only 1 host)
|
parasitoid
|
|
_____ _____parasitoids hunt for victims, usually near victims preferred food plant.
|
adult females
|
|
when parasitoids victimize other parasitoids these are called...?
|
hyperparasitoids
|
|
Parasitoid wasps often have a long _______ which can _____the host with toxins.
|
ovipositor
paralyze |
|
parasitoid fly larvae are deposited where?
|
attched to outside of host- no ovipositor
(hypermetamorphic first instar must find host) |
|
a parasite that feeds on a specific host permanantly is called...?
|
continuous parasite
|
|
a parasite that feeds on host temporarily is called...?
|
transitory parasite
|
|
most insect parasites are blood eating, aka ______ and are from the orders ___,___ & ____.
|
hematophagous
Diptera, Siphonaptera (fleas) and Phthiraptera |
|
parasitism that steals resources from another species?
|
kleptoparasite
|
|
parsitism in which the parasite lays thier eggs in another's nest in order to get free care & feeding of offspring
|
cuckoo parasitism
|
|
parasitism in which a social hymenopteran enters anothers nest and takes over the queens role. workers feed the imposters offspring
|
social parasitism
|
|
parasitism in which certain ants steal worker pupae from another species to work in a foreign colony
|
slavery
|
|
term for the theft from weaker colonies by stronger colonies of same species.
|
intraspecific theft
|
|
term for infection by parasitic fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue?
|
myiasis
|
|
term for larvae living inside the gut?
|
enteric myasis (rare)
|
|
word for "active at twilight"
|
crepuscular (eg. mosquitoes)
|
|
defense by hiding in soil, plants, or constructed cases is aclled...?
|
concealment
|
|
camouflage colotration anatomy or behavior is called....?
|
crypsis
|
|
types of camouflage coloration?
|
substrate mimickry
outline disruption |
|
startle coloration strategies?
|
eyespots can provide false targets or mimick larger animal
flash colors startle & confuse predators |
|
cryptic behavior examples?
|
motionlessness
sudden escape (drop to ground) |
|
examples of chemical defenses against predators?
|
unpalatability (poisonous or nauseating secretions)
repulsive odor |
|
examples of physical defenses against predators?
|
spiny surfaces
stinging biting |
|
unpalatability is often accompanied by ________ colors and behaviors (to warn away predators)
|
aposematic
(Greek: sign away from) |
|
aposematic behaviors include ....?
|
conspiucuous gregarious behavior
flying in full view warning movements, smells, sounds, sluggish effort to escape, repulsive taste & durable bodice |
|
mimicry in which 2 unpalatable species look alike?
|
Mullerian Mimicry
|
|
mimicry in which one palatable species looks like the unpalatable species
|
Batesian mimicry
|
|
3 types of detritivorous/saprophagous insects?
|
dead plant eaters (eg. termites)
Dead animal eaters (eg Diptera) Feces eaters (dung beetles) |
|
name for an organisms that eats the bactera and fungi on decaying plant tissue?
|
shredders
|
|
the importance of detrivores/saprophages?
|
aid decomposers (fungi & bactera) in recycleing nutrients
|
|
forensic entomologists use _____ of maggots to determine time of death.
|
ontogeny :)
|
|
_____ _____ clean bones for taxidermists.
|
dermestid beetles (yuck)
|