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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
feudalism
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-army of knights
originally on two ideas(knights and fiefs) -political structure evenually grows out -private contract |
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manorialism
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grows from feudalism- serfs bound to the land
|
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knights
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professional warrier who fights on horseback
-trained to use lances and swords on horseback -use chain armor then change |
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Salisbury Oath
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-oath that primary loyalty would be given to William over the barons
-meet in Salisbury England -William becomes knight in Wesminster |
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Population during the time of the Salisbury Oath
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1-2 million
-knights less than 1% of the population |
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Vassalage
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two people, one lord, one vassal; enter into personal relationship- considered social equals
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Lord Promises in vassalage
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-will protect and maintain his vassal
-economic support do justice for vassal -if two of your vassals in conflict take it to private court |
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Vassal Promises to the lord in Vassalage
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-promises service(knight service)
-gives the lord advice |
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Homage
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hand ceremony where they promise their fealty
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Fealty (fidelity)
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-oath of service
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Fief
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pieces of land given to vassals in return for service- keeps them out of the lords houses
-not a fixed amount of land |
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when did the fief begin?
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1125
|
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primogeneture
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pressure on king to let people inherit their fathers land
-until the son comes of age king can take the land and sell if for military money |
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relief aides
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when a lord asks for assistance from his vassals
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when would a lord ask for relief aides from his vassals?
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-marrying off oldest daughter
-captured in war -knighting of his first son |
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wardship
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-until te son comes of age (21) king can take the land and sell if for military money
-if only a daughter- king assumes wardship and makes them marry people until the king gets the money for the land, then makes the husband the kings vassal -people pay for sons to marry daughters of a lord -king can marry a son off -may put a socailly lower person to a family because they offer more money |
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dower
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women outliving men (widows)
-women get rights to 1/3 of their husbands land -oldest sons cant take this -when she dies property goes to husbands hier (even if step mom) -her land goes to her heirs |
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escheating
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when money goes back to the crown
|
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norman kings
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-never in one place to long, want to be visible
-sanitation is primitive so move so someone can clean when thy leave -need castles |
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small counsol
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favorite barons of williams move with him
|
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large cousol
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occasionally meet with william
-ex. for domesday book, going to war, etc |
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Dates of william the conquerer
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1066-87
|
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Dates of William II (rufus)
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1089-1100
|
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Dates of Henry I
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1100-35
|
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how Does william split the land that he conquers?
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1/3 for himself
1/3 for church 1/3 for barons they become williams vassals |
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tennets and chief
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Willaims baron vassals
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favoring barons?
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william favored certain barons over others, he gave extra land to them
|
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original fief
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king to barron
-barrons divided their land among more fiefs |
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fief
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-villlages with peasants living in them who work the land for themselves and thier lord
-may have more than one manor |
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manors
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organized units of fiefs
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did knights work on farms
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-no peasants worked the farms for norman knights
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anglo saxon free people
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-became serfs under normans
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slaves during william the conquerer
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-abolishes slavery b/c of catholic principles
-keeps serfs |
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serf
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-working class unfree citizen
-cant carry swords -cant move from lands in which they are bound |
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subinfedudation
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-kings give land to 200 barons
-barons to subvassals -to vassals -to knights fee can vary in size |
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knights fee
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fief-sufficent to serve one knight- eventually divided in half
|
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do landholders all get political power?
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-yes
-can hold court |
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King level court
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hear civil cases that involve barons
-most about land ownership |
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sheriff
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-favored barons
-taxed -decided on war -collecting wheat -becomes public relationship between king and sheriff |
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Chancellor
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-kings secretry lived in the kings house
-conducts business in the chapel (where he gets his name) -every time king leaves he has to go too |
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Chamberlin
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-money is in sibler and gold and kept in bedroom
-keeps track of the money -no one can get to it |
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Going out of court
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-kings, especially Henry II leave court and travel
|
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treasury moves
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-winchester to london "Chancerie Lane"
|
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buearacracy
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standadized form of stationary government
|
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Exchequer
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collects the money that sheriffs collect
|
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Dates of Stephans vs. Matilda's rule
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1135-1154
|
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Henry II's rule
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-1154-89
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Richard I or he Lionhearted's dates of rule
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1189-99
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John's dates of rule
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1199-1216
|
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three most important kings in 11th and 12th centuries
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William the Conquerer
Henry I Henry II |
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curia regis
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feudal court and consultative body that replaces Anglo-Saxon witan
|
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exchequer
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goes ot of court by 1130
-place where the sheriffs went to count their money -records were given by a tally and makeing notches in it -sheriff gets half and exchequer gets half -eventually met about complaints to the sherif |
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how many times a year do the exchquer and the sheriff meet
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twice
|
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Barons of the Exchequer
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kept track of money being collected
|
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Pipe rolls
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records of money being collected
-in london |
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justicaiar
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leads to creation of royal couts
-only people ho have access to royal courts are the free men -leaves out serfs who arent free men -great source of money -people want to pay it because get better justice -good justice leads to peace |
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shire courts
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presided over by sheriff
-inherited idea from anglo-saxon kings -met four times a year -found that certain acts broke kings peace -serious acts called felonies |
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Kings peace
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-no only hurting someone else, hurting the king
-keeping order on kings highways -tried in shire courts -decide need royal courts because soo many court cases |
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Royal parks
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-cant hunt
|
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eyre or assizes
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sessions of royal court held by itinerant royal justices; met at shire court but displace th esheriff and turned it into royal court as kings representatives
-didnt go everywhere every year -all freeholders had to attnd -towns sent 12 representitives -12 trustworthy serfs sent from each manor -reported on who was doing what -same people did judgements all over the country to keep justice the same -only come every 3-4 years |
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assize
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decision or decree regulating law or judicial procedure
|
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writ
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brief offical written document directed to a speific person order forbididng, notifying
-issued by a chancery and authenicated y royal seal |
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possessory writ
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-actual rights are scarce because could have taken from others generations back
-most recent lawful posession -ex. Mort d'ancestror |
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writ of right
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ultimate right to land
-not who should have the land -who has possession -expensive, decided by a jury(if willing to pay) -by end of 13th century decide theres a time before which legal memory doesnt exist |
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Grand Assize
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makes descisons of writ's of right
|
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Jury
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should be familiar with land
-oldermen because can recall old information -should have great memory -pay for right to a jury -benefit because no longger had to fight |
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Common law
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judge on precedent (judge the way they had the year before)
|
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Court of common pleas hear what type of court cases
|
-civil cases
|
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Kings Bench
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appeal to the king in the highest court
|
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Final Justice
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-kings bench ruling, takes away all other rulings
-must have writ so judge can hear your case |
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Assize of Claredon
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-12 of every 100 men
-modern day Grand Jury -still uses Anglo-Saxon ordeal method as an OPTION -mentions vagabonds |
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Vagabonds
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people who roam- fear of these people
|
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conflict between church and king
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-only institution that competes with the monarchy in any way
-gets loyalty -leads to conflict between kings and church -clergy are barons of hte king |
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Constitution of Claredon
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-all clergy are barons of the king
|
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Thomas a Becket
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-quaral based on Claredon code number 3: if clergy commits a crime, king able o try him in kings court
-issue with Henry II -Becket Archbishop of Canterbury: concerned with liberties of the church -henry feels betrayed -Becket into excile -"will no one rid me of this man?" -knights kill becket -murder in cathedral is bad for Henry -henry does penets for murder -publically repents -people go to the place becket murdered and miricles begin to happen -believe he is a saint -create shrien for him so he will do favors for them in heaven |
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Henry II's marriage alliance
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-brings him england and most of france
|
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John vs. Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Innocent III
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-Stephen archbishop of Canterbury
-Angivin kings more french than english -Innocent III wants stephan to be archbishop -John wants someone else -john seizes stephans land -king illegally has their land so Pope excommunicates -not effect -pope places John under interdict very important -john doesnt listen -pope threatens invasion with french king -makes peace with the pope instead -becomes popes vassal -pays 1000 marks a year to pope |
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Edward vs. Bonaface VIII
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right to tax church
|
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Bull
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authroitative pronouncement by the pope
|
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Interdict
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prohibition that will prevent clergy from administering the sacraments
-will go to hell because cant take scraments -cant be baptised at birth -no on can go through mass |
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secular clergy
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-structured clergks, bishops, headed by archbishop of canterbury
-controlled huge amonts of land -each parish had a certain amount of land that belonged to the priest -cathedrals have lots of clergy -huge amounts of wealth from land -land worked by serfs -some preists do their own farming -everyone tithes |
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religious clergy
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-live in monastaries (religious houses)- used for nuns and monks
-dedicated to God by rules of their order -poverty, chastity, obedience -enormous respect of monks and nuns because they live like Christ and his apostles -many saints were monks and nuns -many do favors for clergy giving more temptation for wealth |
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Archbishoprics of Canterbury and York
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-divided into dioceses headed by bishops
-each bishopric diveded into parsishes with parsih priest |
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Glebe land
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-land attached to parish to support its priest
|
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Asceticism
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life of self denial
-anti-alchoholic -self flagilation -poverty -physical discomfort -deny sensual pleasure -focus on God |
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Catholic Church on Ascetiscism
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-modified version
-didnt believe in starving yourself in fasting -dont want them to become self destructive -clothing supposed to be plain |
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Benedictines
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rules of living a certain way in a monastary
-go in cycles from good to tempted into wealth |
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Cistercians
|
-take themselves away to be away from earthly pleasures
-go to northumbria -lots of sheep -good wool -make lots of money |
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Franciscans
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-13th century
-son of arich merchant in italy -st francis -view of absolute poverty instead of following his dad's career -formed this order |
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abby
|
-another word for monastary
|
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Cathedrals
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-Canterbury
-Wells -had seats of Archbishops and bishops |
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Monastic Churchs
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-taken down in 16th century in the time of the reformation
-only ruins remain |
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philip agustus
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-feudal lord of english kings Richard and John-may wars between them-john loses Normandy
-if king isnt good for war, he isnt good for much |
|
war with philip agustus over normandy
|
-Richard drains England resorces to pay for his ransom
-they love him because he's winning in the crusades |
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John's excommunication
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-1213
-makes peace with pope at price of giving England to the pope and then the pope gives it back to England as a fief (needs pope's blessing to go to war) |
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King Johns rule
|
-becomes tyrannical
-doesnt abide by unwritten rules -1214: loses Normandy -barons threaten rebellion -signs great charter to avoid rebellion |
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Great Charter/ Magna Carta
1215 |
-benefit feudal classes
-made by barons so they are concerned with their own business -need help in rebellions so do include other classes -for free men only 16th century it will broaden to more people -authority from ancient tradition |
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1st Clause of Magna carta
|
-about the church, as most do in the time
|
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clause 8 of Magna Carta
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-widows dont have to remarry
-balance widows and kings rights |
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Most significant clauses in Manga carta
|
12
39 40 |
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12th clause of the manga carta
|
scutage problems
-aides cant be taken unless consulting council -will become general taxes |
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39th Clause of manga carta
|
cant attack people without a just cause with an army
-trial by jury later -peers? not everyone could sit on a jury |
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40th clause of manga carta
|
-people werent able to go to the courts because they were always closed- so must now stay open
|
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John Lacland
|
-Jenry II's youngest son
|
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scutage
|
shield money
-money a vassal payed to excuse himself from military service -often used for mercenaries |
|
how long did knight service last?
|
-40 days at a time, kings prefer to hire mercenaries because time to serve for regular knights is so little
|
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Gender
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-socaially and historically created category that represents biological sexuality, defines sexual differences, organizes the socail relations between the sexes, gender differentiaation exists everywhere, but the socail spaces, roles, activities assigned to women and men change over time; and differ from place to place
|
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idea of women in medieval times
|
-women were thought of as eve
-thought women were sexually agressive and dangerous |
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18th century idea of women
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-women no longer eve
-passive prey for men -men are aggressive and dangerous -Victorian women were thought to not like sex, and if they did it was against their gender so they kept quiet |
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20th century idea of women
|
-Freud
-Kisney writes book on femal and male sexuality, women have more orgasams then men -think that religion and men create more social distinctions then science |
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class
|
way of describing social stratification
-originated in marxism -social divisions between groups of people that depended on their differing relations to the mean so of production and property rights; in a feudal society, for example, landlords and peasants |
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status
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-an alternative way of describing socail stratification; socail divsions between different groups of people that depended n function; in medieval society, the classic distincition among people among those lines is that between those who fight, those who pray, those who work
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agency
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purposeful individual human action; most frequently ask about groups we preceive to be oppressed or constrained; issue that effects all humna begins because we all are constrained by structure of society we live in
|
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structure
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basic arrangements that distribute power and resources in a given society; establish fundamental rules that govern or shampe social behavior and relations
|
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patriarchy
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-"rule of fathers"
-a social organization in which the father or the eldest male is recongnized as the head of the familhy or tribe; decent and kinship is traced through the male line, hte family is concieved as the male lineage |
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gender differences in medieval times
|
-women could sell eggs and keep the money
-in some towns, men ran one business and women ran another - |
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coverture
|
-where men would take claim of womens actions
-stopped in town families because women ran their own businesses |
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Femme sole
|
-women alone ran their own businesses
-status changes from the time as a daughter to a widow |
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is it desriable for women to marry?
|
yes, but they lose rights
-women begin to arrange marraiges in upper classes -rights over property and children |
|
wet nurses
|
-upper class women didnt want to nurse their own children
-thought women couldnt have sex while they nursed |
|
places closed to women
|
-universities
-grammer schools teaching latin |
|
midwives
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-deliever babies
|
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ideology
|
-world view; concepttual framework and set of values; a picture of the way the world is and the way it should be; set of propositions about hte relationship between the two parts
|
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prescriptive literature
|
works that tell people how they ought to behave (sometimes status related)
-Simone de Beauvoir "The second sex" |
|
Margery Kemp
|
-1st book written by a woman: couldnt write so she dictated autobiography to a priest
|
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Coroners roles
|
gave reasons of deaths
-boys more likely to die outside -girls inside (shows gender roles) |
|
womens letters
|
-begin to appear in 14-15th centuries
|
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Goodman of Paris 1393
|
book for his new wife about how to behave
-she was young -she would probably outlive him and he didnt want her second husband to think he didnt train her well |
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coverture
|
-under elnglsh common law, when a woman is sigle she as the same legal rights as an unmarried man
-not as free -can sign contract -when she gets a husband she ceases to exis legally -all movable good, everything becomes her husbands property -if mistreated cant do anything -vast majority of women marry in all social classes - |
|
odds of becoming widowed
|
-14th century: women outlive men, if they outlive child bearing they were likely to outlive husbands
-characteristic of england only |
|
13th Century Plantagenent Kings
|
-Henry III
-Edward I |
|
Henry III Dates & Background
|
1216-1272: Infant son of John shortly after manga carta
-1227 finally takes over -barons rule until then |
|
Edward I Dates & background
|
-1272-1307; henry III's eldest son
|
|
constitutional problems
|
-kings wont obey charters
-Popes allwing king sto go against oaths -barons want to wage war because of 61st clause |
|
61st clause of manga carta
|
-if kings or officals arent following manga carta then barons with support of community can use force against the king and his officals
-right to wage war on the king |
|
Charter of the forest
|
-normans declare certain lands forest
-no one can hunt on that area -Henry II claimed 1/4 of englands lands |
|
forest land regualtions
|
-cant cut down trees
-no building of mines -no fishing -barons cant even use their own lands because its the kings -even areas that kings never went to were claimed rorest (get timber) -Essex all forest -can buy licesne for exemption -disservice to those who have farmland in the middle of forests (cant kill rabbits) -everyone unhappy -could pay large sum to deforest land |
|
Henry III's additions to the forest charter
|
-try to reduce forest land
-go back to forest land of Henry II -no capitol punishment for killing deer but can be in preison for a year and a day -exciled if no one bails you out |
|
Henry III comees of age
|
-wants to rule independly of the barons
-barons consider themselves advisors -henry turns to his mostly french relatives -barons force him to sign magna carta -calls pope, pope relieves him |
|
Bad harvest in Henry III's time
|
-less money to the lords
-lords cant send money to the king |
|
Invasion of Sicily
|
-pope convinces Henry III to invade sicily because pope doesnt liek them
-each of henry's sons will now have a possession -but fail and drain resources -barons threaten rebellion and force him to sign provision of oxford |
|
who invades sicily
|
Henry III
|
|
Provisions of Oxford
|
1258: Permanant Baronial Council
-should take barons advice -traditional offices of chacellor and treasure all have to be re established -all money should go to exchequer not king -panel of 4 knights should hear commplaints against sheriffs great council should meet 3 times a year -henry agrees and is relieved by the pope |
|
parliament
|
also know as great council
-discuss taxes |
|
Barons war
|
Henry wins and dies soon after
-oldest son is Edward I |
|
Edward I
|
-rules differnetly from his father Henry III
-takes advice for 20 years -obeys magna carta and other charters without asking the pope to get out of it -effective king -calls parliament to raise money |
|
Common classes and Edward I
|
-asks that sheriff send two members
-biggest cities also send two reps -London sends 4 -Called the commons -could grant taxes -inferior to barons |
|
House of Commons
|
-ment in westminsiter in st. Stephans chapel
-barons in westmister abby in chapter house -didnt sit together -spekaer walked across street to tell decsions -commoners are there for money -must make law with commons because people begin to believe that they are the ones who decide taxes |
|
statue law
|
-making something new or a change in something old
Edward I -makes new laws with approval of congress - |
|
Quo warranto
|
1290: checks growth of private fanchises
|
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Quia Emptores
|
controls subinfeudation
|
|
Statues of westminster and, gloucester, and westminsterII
|
to remedy violations of law
|
|
Edwards Big mistake
|
-wanted to conquer wales, scotland and some land in france
-barons said no to taxation -military tactics were bad -begins to try to collect taxes not in parliament -confirms charters again several times |
|
Parliaments responisbilities
|
-taxes (house of commons)
-peasants have nothing to do with it -vote for who represents them in parliament centuries later -divide into two: Commons and Lords -asks for advice (usually on war) -petitions form around westminster during meeting times -by the death of Edward its difficult to rule without a parliament -king gets more money than he would get on his own -individual power reduced |
|
What charters came under Edward I
|
-confirmation of charters
-manga carta -charter of forrest |
|
Edward III's reign
|
1327-77
|
|
Richard II's reign
|
1377-99
|
|
Edward II's personality
|
Indecisive
-too much responsibility to lover from ireland -made to swear things at his coronation -doesnt pay attention to them -barons on verge of antoher rebellion |
|
Ordances of 1311
|
-given to Edward II: should put on his council the lead barons, unenforcable however
-when king is gone the barons can advise, king is gone alot -England goes to civil war |
|
Murder of Edward II
|
-no one likes him
-his mother makes up story that he disappears |
|
most important development of 14th century
|
-development of parliament
-abdication approved in parliament (Edward II) |
|
Attributes of Edward III
|
-tall, handsome, fights
-begins 100 years war |
|
what king began the 100 years war?
|
Edward III
|
|
Hundred Years war
|
-english do well in the first part
-win english channel -win in field north of france -kings of france retreat and come back a few years later -expensive gives up other types of control because need taxes -gives some control to council |
|
Date of beginning of 100 Years war
|
1338
|
|
who helps Edward III rule while he is away?
|
Archbishop of Canterbury
|
|
Edward III's taxing
|
-wants parliament to tax wool because most important commodity
-commons says no -they agree if he wont ask form money outside of the parliament again and he agrees -edward doesnt get as much money as he thinks he would |
|
Edward III vs. Archbishop of Canterbury
|
-throws archbishop in tower of london with other council members
-archbishop wrties letters for those in churchs to be read -says king is behaving badly because he is listening to bad people -people say bad things happen to bad kings (referring to Edward II) -edward reconciles after threat -never tries to raise money outside of parliametn again -people no longer pay if its outside of parliament -king controlled by parliament |
|
John o Gaunt's relation to the throne
|
Edward III's son, uncle of Richard II, most powerful person in england during Edwrd III's last year and Richard's reign; father of Henry IV who took over after Richard II
|
|
John o guant's popularity
|
-not popular
-house of commons sends someone to investigate corruption in his governing -impeach two of John o gaunts allies and convict them |
|
Doctrine of the peers
|
-parliament begins to talk of themselves as "peers of the realm"- social equals
-petition pepers as well as teh king -people ask commons, commons present it to the king -people stop paying taxes until Edward III fixes a problem |
|
Impeachment
|
created in last dcarde of Edward III's reign
-Edward senile -John o Gaunt ruled (his son) -has 5 princes (problem) |
|
merciliess parliament 1388
|
-Edward III dies
-Richard II (grandson) takes over) -Richard uses impeachment to remove barons who were against john o gaun and anti richard -brings england to brink of civil war -unrest with peasants -killed and shakespeare writes about it |
|
1327 House of Commons rights
|
-pass taxes
-needed because cant be passed unless they are present |
|
Justices of peace
|
quarter sessions (replace royal justices who circulate though kindom on eyre; gradually dipslce shire court headed by the sheriff)
|
|
Justice of the peace's job
|
-commissioned the peace
-met 4 times a year -eventaully sheriff's courts are called by knights -dont get paid, wealthy, so just adds to prestige -ovetime this become unwritten constitution in which local governemtn is taken over by knight in turn for which government oesn do anything that they are absolutly against (so dont get paid) |
|
Genry
|
large landownders
-no longer have to work -eventually you can work iwth your mind but not with hands -basis of local government -no paid beauracracy -no police force -no standing army -still best government -can raise money, courts work and understand they need stability |
|
gentlemen
|
dont work with their hands
|
|
Coronation oath 1308
|
-forces king in upholding the laws
|
|
1066
|
Battle of Hastings; norman conqust of England
|
|
who was a subject in Christopher marlows play?
|
Edward II
|
|
who was a subject of Shakespeare's great history play
|
richard II
|
|
Dates of High middle ages
|
1066-1307
|
|
who were the dynasties in the high middle ages in england?
|
normans
angevins plantagenents |
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Dates of late middle ages
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1307-1485
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who were the dynasties in the late middle ages
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Plantagenents
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what two dynasties do the plantagenents divide into?
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lancatrians
yorkist |
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what century do the plantagenents divide in
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15th century
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what are the dates of the early modern period?
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1485-1688
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who were the dynasties in the early modern period
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tudors and stuarts
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in what century was there a huge agricultural depression?
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14th century
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Agricultural Depression of the 14th Century
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-agriculture expands because population increases
-cant produce more so move to less fertile land -lots of hunger and fall in standard of living -1316: crisis because of bad weather -too much rain in all of europe -cattle and sheep die -taxing heavily -malnutrition and starvation increase -instances of cannabalism? -bad for about 5 years -population doesnt get better when everything else does -population continues to decline -prices fall because demand falls -contrancting economy as those from eastern germany and poland move to areas that were not usable before |
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subsitence farming
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-peasants increase this practice during agricultural depression
-only produce enough to survive |
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Land competition of Agricultural depression
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-still competition for land even though population is decreasing
-no excess money coming in from peasants - bad for landlords -landlords cant collect any excess wheat -lease out land |
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what do landlords do to combat Agricultural depression
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-lease out their land, begin to take payments from peasants instead of making them work for them
-land becomes waste |
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Black death date
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1348
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Black plague starts
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-in constantinople and Italy
-flees on rats on ships -1/3 of english population dies -some coummunities even worse -monastaries suffer |
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last bubonic plague in england
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1665
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effects of bubonic plague
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-prices increase because no on to work in the fields
-food prices drop beause less people and more land -rents stay high -peasants start buying land -serfs in short supply -balance of power shifts |
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effects on serfs of bubonic plague
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-serfs wont pay certain rents
-commute labor service -pretend they are free becuase grandparents were -pay rent, argue about how much |
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when do peasants begin to bring cases to kings courts
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1500
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Court of Chancery 1439
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allow serfs to bring their cases to kings courts
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effects of bubonic plague on landlords
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-lease more land
-begin to farm themselves -few work land at all -live on rent -try to set maximum wages for serfs -not effective -landlords pay as much as they need for the work |
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rentir class
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-land lords after black plague
-live on rent |
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bubonic plagues effect on monastaires
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-doest spare priesta nd monks
-causes questioning -priests start asking for more money becuase they need to survive |
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Bubonic plague on 100 years war
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-not winning anymore
-implement poll tax |
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poll tax
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everyone must pay
-added because they were losing -originally given in graduated amounts whether rich or poor -head tax this time (after bubonic plague)- peasants paid same as novility -peasants angry -think serfs should be free -think maximum rents should be set |
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Peasant revolt of 1381 (two groups)
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-two groups of revolts
1. Essex 2.Kent |
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essex's peasant revolt demands
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-all of kents plus
-no lordship -all estates of the church confiscated and dived among the peasants -abolish all bishiop except one -shows the hostility of the peastry to the church |
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Kents peasant revolt demands
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-(south east london)
-government shoud be turned voer to them beause the war is going so bad, government is in the hands of traitors -all serfodom should be abolished -all land shoudl be rented for same rent and the government shoulds et it at a max of 4 pence an acre |
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wat taylor meeting
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-leader of peasant revolt
-to negotiate -has dagger in his hand so someone kills to save the king -massacres peasants -all those thought to be involved were killed -terror in peasants -peasants didnt get anything they wanted -no more revolts for 200 years beause of the severity of the suppression |
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reasons for lollardy
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dutch word: insulting discription of religious people
-people were being tried for hersy in church -if they were guilty they must recant -if didnt would be burned alive |
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where did lollardy begin
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Oxford
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who was the leader of lollardy
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John whycliff
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ideas behind lollardy
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-church too concerned with worldly power
-belived that chruch and pope may not be destined for heaven -should look to scripture, especilally at the Gospels, not hte pope to provide a model |
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why is whycliff so important
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-he translated the Bible from latin into Enlish
-thouht it should be translated everywhere -thinks those who are chosen act like Christ and his apostles - |
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lollardy outlawed
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-becomes undergound church
-people who can read english read to others -government bans and burns english bibles |
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miricle of mass
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transubstantiation
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transubstantiation
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-bread becomes the body of Christ and win become the blood during mass
-only person who can preform the mass is the priest -mass is reinactment of Calvary -salvation needs mass -whycliff says no basis for transubstatiation in the bible and that priests are getting all of their power from this |
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whycliff's views on what the church should do
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1. priest should marry
2. translate bible, make copies, send to preach Christianity the way he understands it 3. convicted of 24 heretical beliefs - would have been burned but John o guant was a good friend and saved him -died in 1384 |
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who were usually most apt to follow lolardy?
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townsmen and women
-woolmaking areas -londoners -this philosohpy continues through Henry VIII's time |
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Heresy
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wrong belief in church that has the pwoer to enforce its definition of what is true
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