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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
endocrine system
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series of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules into circulation
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hormones
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messenger molecules released by endocrine glands and travel in the blood to regulate specific body function
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ductless
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glands make products and secrete it directly into the bloodstream
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purely endocrine organs
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pituitary gland
pineal gland Thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal glands (medulla and cortex) |
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endocrine organs shared with other systems
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pancreas
thymus gonads hypothalamus |
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Classes of Hormones
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Amino Acid based
Steroid based |
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Amino Acid based hormones
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includes modified amino acids, peptides and proteins
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Amines
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modified amino acids
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peptides
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short chains of amino acids (2-4 amino acids)
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proteins
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long chains of amino acids
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Steroid Hormones
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lipid molecules derived from cholesterol
produced by adrenal cortex and sex organs |
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target cells
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a cell that is capable of responding to a hormone because it bears receptors to which the hormone can bind
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Control of Hormone Secretion
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humoral stimuli
hormonal stimuli neuronal stimuli |
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humoral stimuli
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secrete their hormones in direct response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
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neural stimuli
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stimulated by the release of neurotransmitters
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hormonal stimuli
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hormones telling glands to release hormones
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feedback mechanisms
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positive feedback loop
negative feedback loop |
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positive feedback loop
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uncommon, destabilizing effect
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negative feedback loop
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most common type, stabilizing effects, maintains homeostasis
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hypothalamus in the endocrine System
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control center for the internal environment
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Hypothalamus and the ANS...
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exert nervous control on the adrenal medulla
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hypothalamus produces
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ADH and Oxytocin
makes regulatory hormones: 1) releasing hormones 2) inhibitory hormones |
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Pituitary Gland is also called
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hypophysis
(growing below) |
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Pituitary Gland is found in
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Sella Turica (Turkish Saddle)
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Pituitary Gland Structure
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1)infundibulum
2) Posterior Pituitary 3) Anterior Pituitary |
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infundibulum
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stalk that connects it to the brain, connection to the hypothalamus
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Posterior Pituitary is also called
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Neurohypophysis
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Posterior Pituitary AKA Pars Nervosa
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resovoir fpr ADH and Oxytocin
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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targets the kidneys and they reabsorb water and return it to the bloodstream
concentrates the urine |
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Oxytocin
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induces uterine contractions in childbirth, ejects milk from the breast, contracts the prostate gland in men
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Anterior Pituitary is also called
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adenohypophysis
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Anterior Pituitary has 3 subdivisions
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pars distalis: the largest part
pars intermedia: the middle part pars tuberalis: wraps around the infundibulum |
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posterior pituitary has 2 subdivisions
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pars nervosa
infundibulum |
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Pars Distalis of the Anterior Pituitary makes how many hormones
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7
4 of which tell other hormones what to do |
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the 4 hormones that tell other hormones what to do are called
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Tropic Hormones
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Melanoctye Stimulating Hormone
MSH |
functions in the CNS in appetite supression
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH |
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisone, helps the body cope with stress
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Growth Hormone
GH |
targets muscles and bones, mobilizes fat, glucose
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TSH |
signals the tyroid gland to secrete its own hormone TH and thus controls metabolic rate
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Prolactin
PRL |
targets mammary tissue, stimulates milk production
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Follicle stimulating Hormone
FSH |
targets follicles of the ovary and cells of the testes, promotes ovum and sperm production
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Luteinizing Hormone
LH |
in females
stimulates corpus luteum for progesterone production in males stimulates interstital cells of testes to produce testosterone |
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thyroid gland
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butterfly shaped gland in the throat behind the larynx
produces TH |
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hypophyseal portal system
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refers to a system of blood vessels in which blood is collected from one capillary bed and travels in veins to a second capillary bed before returning to the heart
Releasing Hormones and Inhibitory Hormones released from hypothalamus go directly to their target without dilution |
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Structure of the Thalamus
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has 2 lobes seperated by the isthmus
largest purely endocrine organ |
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thyroglubin
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a protein from which the thyroid hormone is derivied
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follicles
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formed by epithelial cells filled with colloid consisting of thryoglubin
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C Cells
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Chief Cells
produce calitocin |
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calitocin
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tones down blood calcium levels
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Parathyroid Glands
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Next to the thyroid
four tiny glands embedded in the back of the thyroid small and yellow brown in color |
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Parathormone (PTH)
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increase the blood concentration of CA 2+ by:
1) stimulating osteoclast to release more calcium ions 2) decreasing the exertion of calcium ions by the kidneys 3) activating vitamin D |