Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hypothalmus
|
production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
|
|
Pineal gland
|
melatonin
|
|
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
|
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
|
|
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
|
release of oxytocin and ADH
|
|
Parathyroid glands
|
(on posterior surface of thyroid gland) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
|
|
Heart
|
Natriuretic peptides: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
|
|
Thyroid gland
|
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin (CT) |
|
Thymus
|
(undergoes atrophy during adulthood) Thymosins
|
|
Kidney
|
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol |
|
Adrenal gland divisions
|
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
|
|
Adrenal medulla
|
epinephrine (E)
norephinephrine (NE) |
|
Adrenal cortex
|
cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
|
|
Adipose tissue
|
leptin, resistin
|
|
Digestive tract
|
numerous hormones
|
|
Pancreatic islets
|
insulin, glucagon
|
|
Gonads (male and female)
|
testes (male): androgens (especially testosterone), inhibin
ovaries (female): estrogens, progestins, inhibin |
|
Location of pituitary gland, and other name for it.
|
Inferior to the hypothalamus.
Hypophysis. |
|
Infundibulum
|
stalk of the pituitary gland, connects it to the hypothalamus
|
|
Diaphragma sellae
|
Membrane holding the gland to the sella turcica (depression in the sphenoid bone of the cranium where the gland rests.)
|
|
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
|
neurohypophysis or pars nervosa. 2 nuclei:
Supraoptic and paraventricular |
|
Supraoptic nuclei
|
manufactures ADH (vasopressin) which concentrates urine to conserve water and is triggered by a rise in electrolyte conc. or drop in blood pressure.
|
|
Paraventricular nuclei
|
Manufactures oxytocin which induces uterine contractions in childbirth and ejects milk from breasts. In males it induces contraction of the prostate gland.
|
|
The other name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
|
Adenohypophysis.
|
|
3 regions of the adenohypophysis.
|
Pars distalis-largest part.
Pars intermedia-adjacent to the neurohypophysis. Pars tuberalis-wraps around infundibulum. |
|
Hormones of the anterior lobe.
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
|
|
Gonadotropes
|
Secrete the gonadotropins FSH and LH.
|
|
Lactotropes
|
Secrete PRL which stimulates development of mammary glands and milk production.
|
|
Somatotropes
|
Secrete GH (aka somatotropin) which stimulates cell growth and replication by increasing the rate of protein synthesis. Targets muscle and bone.
|
|
LH
|
Induces ovulation and promotes ovarian secretion of progestins which are steroid hormones that prepare the body for pregnancy. In men it stimulates the production of androgens by the interstitial cells of the testes.
|
|
FSH
|
Promotes development of oocytes in the ovaries of mature women, also stimulates secretion of estrogens by follicle cells. In men it supports sperm production.
|
|
ATCH
|
Stimulates release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland. Specifically glucocorticoids (GC) that affect glucose metabolism.
|
|
What hormone is released by the pars intermedia?
|
MSH. Only secreted during fetal development, young children, pregnant women, and some disease states.
|
|
Which gland is butterfly shaped and sequesters iodine?
|
thyroid
|
|
What is thyroglobulin?
|
A colloidal form that can be iodized to become T4 or T3.
|
|
Parafollicular cells
|
Also called C-cells. Produce calcitonin (CT) which assists in the regulation of calcium ion concentrations in body fluid.
|
|
How does calcitonin lower calcium ion concentration?
|
Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates calcium ion secretion at the kidneys.
|
|
Which gland opposes the action of calcitonin?
|
parathyroid gland
|
|
Cells within the parathyroid gland
|
Principal cells (chief cells)-produce PTH (parathyroid hormone).
Oxyphil cells (transitional cells)-probably immature or inactive principal cells. |
|
PTH
|
Increases calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteoblasts, by reducing urinary excretion of calcium, and stimulating the production of calcitrol.
|
|
Regions of the adrenal cortex
|
Zona glomerulosa-produces mineralcorticoids.
Zona fasciculate-produces glucocorticoids. Zona reticularis-produces gonadocorticoids. |
|
Mineralcorticoids
|
Aldosterone and others. Target kidneys to affect mineral balance of body, loss of potassium, and retention of sodium and water.
|
|
Glucocorticoids
|
Cortisol or corticosterone. Speeds up rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation.
|
|
Gonadocorticoids
|
Androgens. Stimulate the development of pubic hair in boys and girls before puberty.
|
|
Adrenal glands location and structure.
|
Paired glands superior to the kidneys, split into 2 layers: cortex and medulla.
|
|
Chromaffin cells
|
Aka pheochromocytes. Make up the adrenal medulla. Endocrine cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
|
|
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose, and release of lipids by adipose tissue.
|
|
Location of thymus
|
On the mediastinum above the heart.
|
|
Thymosin
|
Produced by the thymus, enhances lymphocyte production and competence.
|
|
Renin
|
Enzyme (often called hormone) that starts a cascade effect through angiotensinogen, resulting in increased blood pressure. Produced in kidneys.
|
|
EPO
|
erythropoietin-stimulates red blood cell production
|
|
Calcitrol
|
requires vitamin D3, increases absorption of calcium
|
|
ANP and BNP
|
Atrial and Brain natriuretic peptides. Suppresses aldosterone and ADH production. Decreases blood volume and blood pressure.
|
|
The 4 cells of the pancreatic islets (of langerhans)
|
Alpha cells-produce glucagon
Beta cells-produce insulin Delta cells-produce somatostatin F cells-produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
|
Glucagon
|
increases blood sugar levels by causing the liver to release stored glycogen.
|
|
Insulin
|
Reduces blood sugar levels by causing cells to take up more for use by the mitochondria.
|
|
Somatostatin
|
A hormone that is antagonistic to growth hormone.
|
|
Pancreatic polypeptide
|
Inhibits gallbladder contraction and regulates pancreatic enzyme production.
|
|
Sustentacular cells
|
Produce inhibin which targets the anterior pituitary gland and acts antagonistically to FSH
|
|
Corpus luteum
|
Produces progesterone which targets the anterior pituitary gland and prepares the uterus for implantation. It also produces relaxin which softens the pubic symphysis and stimulates mammary development.
|
|
Epiphysis
|
pineal gland
|
|
pinealocytes
|
special secretory cells of the pineal gland that produce melatonin, which is important in regulating circadian rhythms.
|