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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomical position
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standard reference position for the body in the study of anatomy. Body is standing erect, facing forward with arms down, palms of hands forward.
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physiology
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study of body function
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anatomy
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study of body structure
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plane
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flat surface formed when slicing through a solid object
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midline
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an imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left
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medial
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toward the midline of the body
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lateral
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to the side; away from the midline of the body
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bilateral
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both sides of the body
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mid-axillary
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line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle
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anterior
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front of the body
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posterior
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back of the body
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ventral
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referring to the front of the body (also anterior)
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dorsal
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referring to the back of the body (also posterior)
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superior
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toward the head
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inferior
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away from the head
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proximal
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closer to the torso
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distal
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away from the torso
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torso
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trunk of the body
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palmar
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referring to the palm of the hand
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plantar
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referring to the sole of the foot
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mid-clavicular line
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a line through the center of each clavicle
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abdominal quadrants
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4 divisions of the abdomen
LUQ, RUQ, LLQ, RLQ |
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supine
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lying on the back
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recovery position
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laying on the side (also lateral recumbent position)
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prone
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lying face down
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fowler's position
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sitting position
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trendelenberg position
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position at which patient's feet and legs are higher than the head (also shock position)
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musculoskeletal system
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system of bones and skeletal muscles that protect the body and permit movement
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skeleton
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bones of the body
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muscle
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tissue that contracts to allow movement of body
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ligament
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tissue that connects bone to bone
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tendon
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tissue that connects muscle to bone
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skull
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bony structure of the head
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cranium
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top, back and sides of skull
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mandible
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lower jaw bone
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maxillae
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2 fused bones forming the upper jaw
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nasal bone
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nose bone
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orbits
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boney structure around the eyes
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zygomatic arches
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form the structure of the cheek
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vertebrae
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33 bones of the spinal column
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thorax
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the chest
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sternum
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breastbone
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manubrium
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the superior portion of the sternum
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zyphoid process
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the inferior portion of the sternum
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pelvis
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basin shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extermities
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ilium
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the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
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ischium
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the lower posterior portion of the pelvis
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pubis
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the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
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acetabulum
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the pelvic socket in which the ball of the proximal end of the femur fits in to form the hip joint
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femur
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large bone of the thigh
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patella
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the kneecap
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tibia
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the medial and large bone of the lower leg
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fibula
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the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
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malleolus
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protrusion of the side of the ankle
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tarsals
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ankle bones
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metatarsals
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foot bones
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calcaneus
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heel bone
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phalanges
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toe bones and finger bones
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clavicle
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collar bone
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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acromion process
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the highest portion of the shoulder
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acromioclavicular joint
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the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
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humerous
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the bone of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow
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radius
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the lateral bone of the forearm
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ulna
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the medial bone of the forearm
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carpals
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the wrist bones
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metacarpals
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the hand bones
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joint
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the point where 2 bones come together
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voluntary muscle
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muscle that can be consciously controlled
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involuntary muscle
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responds automatically
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cardiac muscle
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specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
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automatcity
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the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses
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respiratory system
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system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs and muscles; brings oxygen to the body and expels carbon dioxides
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oropharynx
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area directy posterior to the mouth
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nasopharynx
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area directly posterior to the nose
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pharynx
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the area directly posterior to the nose and mouth; made up of oropharynx and nasopharynx
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epiglottis
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leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreigh matter from entering trachea
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larynx
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voice box
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crichoid cartilage
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the ring shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
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trachea
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wind pipe; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
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lung
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organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place
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bronchi
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2 large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs, right and left, (singular: bronchus)
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alveoli
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microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with bloodstream takes place
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diaphragm
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muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; major muscle of respiration
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inhalation
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active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding to the size of the chest cavity
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exhalation
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passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and disphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease
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cardiovascular system
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system made up of heart and blood vessels (also circulatory system)
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atria
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2 upper chambers of the heart
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ventricles
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2 lower chambers of the heart
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venae cavae
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the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, 2 major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium
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valve
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a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in one direction
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cardiac conduction system
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system of specialized muscle tissues which conduct electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
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artery
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any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
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coronary arteries
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blood vessels that supply the muscles of the heart
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aorta
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largest artery in the body; transports blood from left ventricle to begin systematic circulation
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pulmonary arteries
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the vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
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carotid arteries
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large neck arteries; one on each side that carry blood from the heart to the head
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femoral artery
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major artery supplying the leg
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brachial artery
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artery of the upper arm
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radial artery
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artery of the lower arm
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posterior tibial artery
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artery supplying the foot behind the medial ankle
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dorsalis pedis artery
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artery supplying the foot lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
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arteriole
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smallest kind of artery
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capillary
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thin-walled microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrient waste exchange with the body's cells take place
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venule
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smallest kink of vein
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vein
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any blood vessel returning blood to the heart
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pulmonary veins
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vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
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plasma
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fluid portion of the blood
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red blood cells
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components of the blood that carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells
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white blood cells
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components of the blood that produce substances that help the body fight infection
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platelets
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components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells
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pulse
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a rhymic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
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peripheral pulses
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the radial, bronchial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral or outlying points of the body
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central pulses
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the carotid and femoral pulses which can be felt in the central part of the body
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blood pressure
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the pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels
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systolic blood pressure
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the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood into circulation
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diastolic blood pressure
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the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
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perfusion
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the supply of oxygen to and removal of waste from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of flow of blood through the capillaries
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hypoperfusion
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inadequate perfusion of the cells and tissues of the body caused by insufficient flow of blood through the capillaries aka shock
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nervous system
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the system of brain, spinal cord and nerves that govern sensation, movement and thought
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ilium
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the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
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ischium
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the lower posterior portion of the pelvis
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pubis
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the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
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acetabulum
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the pelvic socket in which the ball of the proximal end of the femur fits in to form the hip joint
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femur
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large bone of the thigh
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patella
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the kneecap
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tibia
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the medial and large bone of the lower leg
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fibula
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the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
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malleolus
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protrusion of the side of the ankle
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tarsals
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ankle bones
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metatarsals
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foot bones
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calcaneus
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heel bone
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phalanges
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toe bones and finger bones
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clavicle
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collar bone
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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ilium
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the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
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ischium
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the lower posterior portion of the pelvis
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pubis
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the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
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acetabulum
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the pelvic socket in which the ball of the proximal end of the femur fits in to form the hip joint
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femur
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large bone of the thigh
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patella
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the kneecap
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tibia
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the medial and large bone of the lower leg
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fibula
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the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
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malleolus
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protrusion of the side of the ankle
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tarsals
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ankle bones
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metatarsals
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foot bones
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calcaneus
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heel bone
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phalanges
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toe bones and finger bones
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clavicle
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collar bone
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
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autonomic nervous system
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the division of peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions
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digestive system
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system in which food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms
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stomach
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muscular sac between the espohagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
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small intestine
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the muscular tube between the stomache and large intestine which receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion; nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls
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large intestine
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the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body
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liver
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the largest organ of the body; produces bile to assist in breakdown of fat and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body
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gall bladder
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a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produces by the liver
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pancreas
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gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine
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divisions of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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spleen
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organ located in the LUQ of the abdomen that acts as a bllod filtration system and reservoir for reserves of blood
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appendix
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small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the RLQ of the abdomen
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skin
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layer of tissue between the body and external environment
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epidermis
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outer layer of skin
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dermis
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the inner layer of skin rich in blood vessels and nerves
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subcutaneous layers
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layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis
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endocrine system
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system of glands that produce chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions
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insulin
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a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as medication by many diabetics
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epinephrine
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a hormone produced by the body as a medication it dialates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
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