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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hazard
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A natural event that threatens or causes damage, destruction or death. |
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Disaster (natural)
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The results of a natural hazard taking place, such as deaths, injuries and destruction of property.
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Earthquake
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A sudden or violent movement within the earth's crust followed by a series of shocks.
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Volcano
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An opening in the Earth's crust out of which lava, ash and gases erupt.
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Tropical storms |
An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the centre point, called the eye of the storm. Winds are powerful and there is heavy rainfall. |
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Monitoring |
recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano or tracking a tropical storm by satellite, to help predict when and where a natural hazard might strike.
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Prediction
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Being able to say when and where a natural hazard will strike |
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Mitigation
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Reducing the risk from natural hazards before they happen, such as building earthquake proof buildings.
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Aid
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help given by more wealthy nations to less well-off nations, mainly to encourage development or recover from a natural disaster.
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Disaster relief
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Immediate help given after a disaster, including emergency responses such as sending fire fighters and search and rescue teams.
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Geological hazards
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Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides |
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Climatic hazards |
Storms, floods, drought |
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Biological hazards |
Fires, pests, diseases |
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Technological hazards |
Nuclear explosion, accidents, pollution |
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Destructive margin
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Where one plate margin is being destroyed as it plunges beneath the other plate. |
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Constructive margin |
Where two plates slide past each other |
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Focus
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The centre of the earthquake underground
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epicentre |
The point on the surface above the focus |
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The Richter scale |
Measures the energy released by an earthquake. Logarithmic scale that runs up to 8. Each point up the scale represents 30 times more energy released than the point below. |
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The Mercalli scale |
Based on what people experience and the amount of damage done. Would not feel a tremor at 2, but at 10-12 houses collapse, there are landslides and the ground cracks. |
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Hotspot volcanoes |
Form in the middle of plates as the plates move over a plume of magma |
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Lava flows |
Destroy everything they move over, but rarely extend for more than 10km from a volcano |
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Ash |
Can be carried for hundreds of miles in the atmosphere. Close to a volcano where the ash is thickest it can choke people and animals and can form such thick layers that roofs collapse. |
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Pyroclastic flows |
Superheated clouds of gas and rocks that sweep down the volcano sides. Clouds can be up to 1000 degrees C and can travel at 450 miles per hour. |
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The eye wall
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Surrounds the eye of a tropical storm, the air rapidly spirals upwards, causing high winds, torrential rain and storm clouds. |
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Saffir-simpson classification of tropical storms |
category 1-5, wind speed 119->250kph, pressure >980-<920mb, storm surge 1->5.7m |
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Weather stations
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A global network of weather stations monitor weather conditions. This data is used for forecasting and also tracking tropical storms.
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Weather satellites |
allow meteorologists to seen and analyse pictures of cloud formations from images captured during the day. Satellite sensors also monitor energy radiations, which can be capture day or night. |
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Radar |
Provides important information on the direction and speed that clouds are moving and allows meteorologists to gauge precipitation. |
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Tropical storm in LIC
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Hurricane Mitch hits central America (October 1998) |
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Tropical storm in HIC
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Hurricane Floyd hits the USA (September 1999) |
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Predicting volcanoes
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An increase in the number of small earthquakes, a swelling may develop in the side of the volcano, gases, such as sulphur dioxide, may escape. |
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Predicting earthquakes |
Very small changes in electrical and radioactive emissions. Land may rise or tilt. The water levels in wells may fall. |
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Predicting tropical stoms
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Meteorologists can monitor data on tropical storms as they develop and can track them as they approach land. |
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Preparing for volcanoes |
Early warning systems to aid in evacuation. Sloping roofs on buildings to avoid the build up of ash. |
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Preparing for earthquakes |
Building earthquake-proof buildings and structures. Education, carrying out earthquake drills. Having fully trained and equipped emergency services. Setting up early warning systems for tsunamis.
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Preparing for tropical storms
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Early warning systems to aid evacuation. Preparation of storm shelters. Houses equipped with storm shutters to protect glass. Effective flood protection measures to combat storm surges. |
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Short term consequences of hazards could include
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People injured or killed. Buildings and farmland destroyed. Communications disrupted. |
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Longer-term consequences of hazards could include. |
The economic cost of rebuilding. Economic slump because tourists stay away. |
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Short term responses to hazards |
coping with the hazard itself. Emergency aid and disaster relief. |
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Long term responses to hazards |
Rebuilding. Review and adjustment. Improving prediction and preparation. |
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Named example for consequences of hazards |
Asian tsunami, December 2004. |