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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water has many properties |
favorable to life |
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What do aquatic environments challenge? |
The balance of water and salt in animals |
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The uptake of gases from water is limited by |
diffusion |
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What limits the occurrence of aquatic life? |
Temperature |
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What is more efficient for O2 and H2O? |
Countercurrent circulation |
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What does countercurrent circulation do? |
Maintains concentration difference |
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What are some adaptation to low oxygen? (4) |
1. low metabolic rate 2. increased hemoglobin 3. Mutualism with photosynthetic algae 4. Not use O2 at all (use anaerobic respiration) |
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T or F: temperature does not affect how proteins fold |
False, they do work best at specific temp |
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What is denaturing a protein? |
Misfolds, doesn't have normal enzymatic activity |
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What happens to rate of reactions as temp increases? |
Speeds up |
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Heat-loving organisms |
Thermophillic, they are geothermal activity proteins designed for high temp |
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Glycerol, glycoproteins in blood and tissues |
Antifreeze |
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Does antifreeze increase or decrease the freezing point of blood? |
Decrease |
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Seeds of crystal, glycoproteins inhibit ice crystal formation |
Supercooling |
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What does super cooling do to Freezing point of blood in tissues? |
Decreases it |
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Changing temperature of an environment via human activity |
Thermal pollution |
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What allows coral reefs to function well? |
Bacteria that live and work with coral animals |
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What is coral bleeching? |
Bacteria leave and coral animals die off without bacteria |
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Where do most terrestrial plants obtain nutrients and water? |
From the soil |
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What provides energy for photosynthesis? |
Sunlight |
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Terrestrial environments pose a challenge for animals to balance what three things? |
Balance water, salt and nitrogen |
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What do adaptations to different temperatures allow? |
Life all around the planet |
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What are the three main things plants require? |
CHO |
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What inorganic nutrients do plants require? |
N, P, Ca, and K |
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How are many nutrients obtained from soil? |
as ions dissolved in water held by the soil |
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What are some compounds that nutrients come in? |
Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, calcium and Potassium |
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What limits plant growth and reproduction? |
Scarcity of nutrient rich compounds |
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Water potential= |
sum of all relevant potentials= sum of forces that could case water to move |
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Water potential = |
Osmotic + gravimetric + Matrix |
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potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles |
Matrix potential |
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What is field capacity? |
Maximum amount of water that soil can hold |
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What is the value of matrix potential if soil is fully saturated with water? |
0 |
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Wilting point |
Water potential below which a plant cannot extract water |
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What is the value of wilting point? |
-1.5 MPa |
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When matrix potential is less than zero what happens? |
Water closer to soil Particles on average |
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Put Salt, Sand, and Clay in order of larger to smaller |
Sand, Silt, and Clay is the smallest |
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What is loam? |
A mix of sand, silt, and clay |
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Is loam good for plants? |
Yes, very |
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What does the amount of water soil can hold at saturation depend on? |
Surface area of particles per unit volume |
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Do smaller particles have more or less surface area? |
More SA |
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What holds water most tightly? |
Clay |
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What holds water loosely |
sand |
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Field capacity - wilting point= |
how much water is available to plants |
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Field capacity is usually higher or lower than wilting point? |
Higher |
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Water potential is greater in the ______ than the ______ |
Soil> roo |
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Osmotic potential can change? by what? |
by having more solute, more ions or organic compounds |
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The Epidermis is _____ from the center than the cortex? |
Farther |
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Water potential that drives water from the soil into the xylem |
Root pressure |
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Root pressure can also be defined as |
Tension differences in water potential |
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Mutual attraction among water molecules |
Cohesion |
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Generates water potential in leaves as water evaporates from the surfaces of leaf cells |
Transpiration |
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Small openings on leaf surfaces where carbon dioxide enters leaf and water exits |
Stomata |
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What is cohesion-tension theory due to? |
Hydrogen bonding |
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What are cohesive forces due to? |
Transpiration |
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What do guard cells do? |
Close or open stomata to prevent excess water loss |
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What are stomata? |
Openings in leaves for gas exchange |
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Root structure helps to________ SA |
increase |
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What do surface hairs do? |
Reduce evaporation |
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What happens to plants when leaves are small? |
Low SA volume, which leads to slower evaporation |
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What is energy from the Sun called? |
Electromagnetic radiation |
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What are units of electromagnetic radiation called? |
Photons |
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What has the longest wavelength but least energy? |
Red light |
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Does purple have a long or short wavelength? |
Short |
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E= what? |
Hf |
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Energy and wavelength are? |
inversely proportional |
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Specialized organelles in eukaryotic organisms used for photosynthesis |
Chloroplasts |
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Pigments do what? |
Capture light |
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Chlorophyll is what color? |
Green |
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What color are carotenoids? |
Orange |
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Chloroplasts have what type of membrane? |
Double membrane |
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Where do the light reactions take place? |
Thylakoid membrane |
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Which class of pigment best captures the highest energy light photons? |
A, because of the shortest wavelength |
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Chlorophyll A is a main pigment found where? |
IN all photosynthetic organisms |
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What does chlorophyll a do? |
violet absorption |
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What do accessory pigments b,c,df and carotenoids do? |
Allow a broader range of absorption |
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Photosynthesis equation |
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons (energy) ⟶ C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
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Which of the following would not increase the uptake of water by a plant from its roots? A. Increases the matric potential of the soil to the field capacity B. Increase the temperature C. Increase the Carbon Dioxide concentration in the air outside the plant D. Increase the root surface area |
C. Increase the Carbon Dioxide concentration in the air outside the plant |
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Which class of pigments best captures the highest energy light (photons)? |
Chlorophyll A |