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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does GIS stand for? |
Geographical information systems |
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What can ecological niche modeling predict about species distribution? |
How species distributions changed in the past |
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What can ecological niche modeling predict about pest species? |
The expansion of them |
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What is a geographic range change due to? |
Climate Change |
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Species that live in a single, often isolated location (narrow set of niches or environmental conditions) |
Narrow----> endemic |
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Species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents; still involved range contraction but population could still something (cant read it) |
Broad------> Cosmo |
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In a population, the number of individuals per unit area or volume calculated by dividing abundance by area |
Density |
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Density can change as a function of what? |
Where you are in range |
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What is the range of the Dickcissel bird? |
High densities in the interior but low on the outside |
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What is weird about the the Dickcissel bird? |
Edges have a lower growth rate and are a result of range expansion |
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Spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population |
Dispersion |
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Clustered species have what type of spatial correlation? Example? |
positive vegetative production |
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What are the three types of dispersion? |
Clustered, evenly spaced, random |
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Which sequence of labels for the plots above goes from least to most randomly dispersed? |
1,3,2 Because 1 is even, and 3 is less random than 2 |
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Movement of individuals from one area to another, often at a specific life stage and often not to return to initial location |
Dispersal |
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What is a natural habitat? |
Home |
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What is the cost of dispersal? |
Predation could increase during move |
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What is the benefit of dispersal? |
Resources for population growth? |
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Counting every individual in a population |
Census |
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What is an area/ volume based survey? |
Determining how much of a species is per patch of something |
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Line Transect Method |
Place a line, unroll it along the gradient and the species touching the line are analyzed |
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Why use a line transect survey? |
In case where moving is difficult or species rare |
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What are the steps in a mark recapture survey? |
1. Capture individuals and tag them (n1) 2. Release them back 3. Look for your tagged individuals, count up total found (n2), count up tagged (n3) 4. Big N is # of total population |
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What is the way to solve for total population?
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(n1/N)=(n3/n2) Also (# first tagged * # recaptured)/(# tagged recaptured) |
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What are the methods of measuring dispersal? |
Tag, release, look in area for it, and note where it is found, radio to transmitters |
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The average distance an individual moves from where it was born to where it reproduces |
Lifetime dispersal distance |
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What is the max change in geographic range a function of? |
Lifetime dispersal distance |
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Measuring dispersal can be on what type of scale? |
Large, long distance or lifetime |
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What is genetic distance often correlated with? |
Geographic distance |
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What is an example of widespread measuring dispersal? |
European starlings |
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The more abundant species have bigger what? |
Ranges |
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Larger number and individuals require more what? |
Space and resources |
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What is even dispersion due to? |
Terrotoriality |
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Even dispersion leads to what? |
Positive correlation |
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What does a shrinking range lead to? |
Less individuals, higher extinction probability |
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Larger body leads to what? |
More resources, more area and lower densities of individuals per area |
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Body size is connected to how easy it is to maintain what? |
Viable opopulation number |
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Graph of geographic range of bird species vs. maxium abundance of a bird |
(both increase) |
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Number of individuals per area vs body mass |
inversely proportional |
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absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal |
Dispersal limitation |
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Strip of favorable habitat located between two patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal |
Habitat corridor |
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What are the three habitat corridor types? |
Unconnected (winged), connected, Unconnected (rectangular) |
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what did the graph of butterflies recaptured look like? |
Connected had the highest, then rectangular, then winged |
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Species richness and mean corridor-aligned windspeed have what type of relationship? |
Directly proportional |
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Connected things have more what plant populations? |
Viable |
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What two things does wind dispersal depend on? |
Wind speed and direction |
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What are the assumptions of ideal free distribution? |
1. perfect knowledge of habitat variation 2. freedom of movement 3. Individuals are competitively equal |
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Distribution so that each habitat has same per capita fitness (net resources/ individual) and each individual has same amount of resource |
Ideal free distribution |
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The number of individuals in a patch is proportional to what? |
The amount of resources in that |
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How can you change quality? |
By changing prey abundance |
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Suppose that the graph represents the distribution of individuals in patches of low and high quality and with and without predators? Which curves represent the patches with predators? |
Solid curves |